ORT Greenberg K. Tivon 1 Linking Ideas (Connectors) Irena Tseitlin (based on” High School Grammar” by Ronald Green )

2 We use linking words to link ideas and to show how their meanings are related. Some linking words link ideas that are in separate sentences. They are called sentence connectors. The vacation was wonderful. Unfortunately, it was much too expensive. Some linking words link ideas within the same sentence. Our vacation was wonderful, although it was much too expensive.

ORT Greenberg K. Tivon 3 Attitude Unfortunately Fortunately / luckily Obviously In fact She called Bob. He was, unfortunately, not at home. They arrived at the airport late. Luckily, the plane had been delayed.

ORT Greenberg K. Tivon 4 Contrast (1) but however though / although / even though in spite of / despite nevertheless He promised me a job. However, he changed his mind. Although the water was cold, they went swimming. In spite of (despite) the rain, we enjoyed ourselves. He doesn’t have a good chance to win the election. Nevertheless, I’m going to support him.

ORT Greenberg K. Tivon 5 Contrast (2) whereas while on the other hand The U.S.A. is a rich country whereas / while Cuba is a poor country. Mr. Jones is very careful with money. On the other hand, he can be extremely generous with his time.

ORT Greenberg K. Tivon 6 Result therefore consequently as a result There was a shortage of tomatoes. Consequently, the price went up. He was always showing off. As a result, lots of people didn’t like him. Bill left his car in a no-parking area. He was therefore fined.

ORT Greenberg K. Tivon 7 Reason Because As / since Because of / due to / owing to (+ noun phrase) As we arrived late, we missed the bus. Since it was raining heavily, we took a taxi. I didn’t go swimming because of the cold. Due to the rainstorm, the outdoor concert was cancelled.

ORT Greenberg K. Tivon 8 Purpose to in order to so as to so that for You have to take the medicine in order to get better. They phoned us so as to hear our opinion. I set two alarm clocks so that I wouldn’t oversleep. I’m telling you this for your own good.

ORT Greenberg K. Tivon 9 Alternatives or either…. or neither….nor I can buy one very large television or two small ones. I can buy either one large television or two small ones. We neither wanted nor needed their help.

ORT Greenberg K. Tivon 10 Addition too as well as well as also both…and not only…but also in addition moreover furthermore He can play the trumpet as well as the saxophone. He can play both the trumpet and the saxophone. He can play not only the trumpet but also the saxophone. He can play the trumpet and the saxophone. In addition, he has a great voice.

ORT Greenberg K. Tivon 11 Exceptions apart from except for besides Apart from / except for / besides the food, the party was terrible. We all wanted to go to the beach. Besides, there was nowhere else to go.

ORT Greenberg K. Tivon 12 Examples for example / for instance such as There are a lot of environmental problems in the world today. For example, in Mexico City air pollution is so high that some people wear cloth masks in the street. Countries such as Australia and New Zealand have banned the use of sprays.