The Reformation

Content  Background introduction  Pre-Luther Religious Reformers  Martin Luther  Calvin and Calvinism

 Reformation  The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio- political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.

Pre-Luther Religious Reformers John Wycliffe Jan Hus Desiderius Erasmus 1466?-1536

John Wycliffe 约翰 威克利夫

1.Christ is the only overlord 2.Salvation depends on predestination and grace rather than on membership of a visible church 3.Bible is the supreme authority 4.All men have access to the Scriptures in the vernacular (Translation of the bible into English)

Jan Hus 约翰 胡斯 (John Huss) Czechoslovakian religious reformer who was excommunicated (1409) for attacking the corruption of the clergy. His De Ecclesia questioned the authority and infallibility of the Catholic Church.

indulgence

Martin Luther (Nov. 10, 1483 – Feb.18, 1546) 1. Religious Reformation  Martin Luther, new interpretations and questioning of the Roman Catholic beliefs and authority  Believed in salvation by faith alone  Posted the 95 theses 提纲  Led the movement that gave birth to the Protestant Church

the castle church door at Wittenberg University and The 95 Theses

Great 16th-century religious revolution in the Christian church, in Western Europe that aimed at reforming some doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, which ended the ecclesiastical supremacy of the pope in Western Christendom and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches.

Selections from the 95 theses:

5. The Pope has neither the will nor the power to remit any penalties beyond those he has imposed either at his own discretion or by canon law. 21. Hence those preachers of Indulgences are wrong when they say that a man is absolved and saved from every penalty by the Pope ’ s Indulgences.

27. It is mere human talk to preach that the soul flies out immediately the money clinks in the collection-box. 28. It is certainly possible that when the money clinks in the collection-box greed and avarice can increase; but the intercession of the Church depends on the will of God alone. 95. And let them be more confident of entering heaven through many tribulations rather than through a false assurance of peace.

Reformation in England

Henry Ⅷ 1491 — 1547

1534 the Act of Supremacy the formal break of the British with the papal authorities The establishment of the Church of England, or Anglican Church

The Tudor 都铎王朝 Henry Ⅶ unified England Henry Ⅷ ( ) Edward VI ( ) Mary ( ) Elizabeth Ⅰ ( )

Elizabeth I

Calvin 加尔文 ( ) French-born Swiss Protestant theologian who broke with the Roman Catholic Church (1533) and set forth the tenets of his theology, known today as Presbyterianism, in Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)

 Calvinism  Calvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government. Only those specially elected by God can be saved. This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path

Reject the papal authorities Only those specially elected by God are saved Presbyterian government

 Counter-Reformation  By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany.  The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.

Christianity （ Roman Empire 1AD ） Lutherans Calvinism Anglican Presbyterian,Methodist 11 century (1054) 16century Catholicism( Rome) Orthodox ( Constantinople ) Catholicism protestant orthodox