What were the main causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917? What events led up to the Russian Revolution?

What CHANGES did the Russian Revolution bring about within Russia and in world affairs?

WORLD WAR II WORLD WAR I INTERWAR PERIOD 1917: R.R.

Marx and Engels co-authored the pamphlet 'THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO' which was published in 1848 and asserted that all human history had been based on class struggles, but that these would ultimately disappear with the rise and victory of the PROLETARIAT (the working class).

Complete Communist Manifesto DBQ

CAUSES

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ALEXANDER I OF ROMANOV ABSOLUTE RULER OF RUSSIA His greatest triumph came in 1812 as Napoleon's invasion of Russia proved a total disaster for the French.Napoleon's invasion of Russia He formed the Holy Alliance to suppress revolutionary movements in Europe.Holy Alliance He helped Austria's Klemens von Metternich in suppressing all national and liberal movements.Klemens von Metternich Think back to Unit 2….

Pre-Revolutionary Russia 1. How were Russian czars different from most other rulers in Europe at this time? ANSWER: Russia had the only true AUTOCRACY left in Europe. An AUTOCRACY Is ABSOLUTE RULE 1-man rule; the CZAR believed he had DIVINE RIGHT – an absolute ruler annointed by God

Czar Alexander II ruled from ; The Reformer; he wanted to modernize Russia to compete with other European countries Czar Alexander III; Ruled from OPPRESSIVE ruler; got rid of most of his father’s reforms Son of Alexander II The Romanov Family – 300 yrs. of absolute control by the Czars TERMS

#2 What was life like for peasants & middle class in Russia around 1900? ANSWER: Millions of angry peasant farmers were living in grinding poverty! Middle-class Russians were angry at their lack of power in gov’t. Russia is ripe for revolution…

#3 Why did Alexander II free the serfs? – 1855  Russia lost the Crimean War to GB, France and Ottoman Turks (started by Alexander II’s father, Nicholas I) Crimean War Crimean War  Convinced that Russia must modernize to be competitive with other western nations! Nicholas I Alexander II “The Reformer”

Russia had been slow to industrialize, therefore most Russians ruled by Alexander II were poor peasant farmers (SERFS) who were tied to the land of wealthy landowners!

 Emancipation of the serfs =peasant farmers tied like slaves to land  abolished serfdom – if he didn’t free them, they would free themselves! TERM - Serfdom: peasant farmers are legally bound to a wealthy landowner’s estate and required to perform labor in exchange for a personal allotment of land. Russia must reform itself to stay competitive with the Western Powers!!!

Alexander II’s Reform Fails! #4 How did peasants and nobles/wealthy land owners feel about emancipation? peasants (former serfs)  – given no money to buy farms Wealthy nobles/land owners  – no more money coming from serfs; this bankrupts them!

TERM: BANKRUPT Bankrupt: WEALTHY LAND OWNERS/NOBLES WERE FINANCIALLY RUINED BY THE ABOLITION OF SERFDOM!

Image A: Primary Source Quick Write…. Describe this image while using the following terms: Agriculture Industrialization/modernization Serfs, wealthy nobles, Czar Alexander II Abolition of serfdom –why? Did it help either group?

This is a photograph of very poor peasants whose work contributed to a mostly agricultural Russian economy. These serfs were peasant farmers. They were tied to the land of wealthy land owning nobles. To help 80% of the peasant population, Czar Alexander II abolished serfdom. He hoped to modernize Russia with this reform as well as increased industrialization. Both the wealthy nobles and freed serfs were disappointed with this reform. Wealthy nobles went bankrupt because they lost money paid to them by the serfs. Unhappy peasants had no money to pay for their own land. (8-10 sentences)

Image B: Revolutionary Movements; The Last Czars 1. What reforms did Alexander II attempt and what was the result? 2. What different types of revolutionary movements existed in Russia in the late 1800s? 3. After Alexander II was assassinated in 1881, who succeeded him and what did he do? 4. Who was Nicholas II and what problems did he face?

Alexander II Alexander II Russia must reform itself to stay competitive with the Western Powers!!!

Alexander II Alexander II Reforms: Alexander II  abolished serfdom  Created regional assemblies to deal with local issues – czar is sharing his power with the people!!!  education expanded  Allowed more freedom of speech 1. What reforms did Alexander II attempt?

Freedom of Speech: Results is the RISE OF…. Revolutionaries! Rise of political groups – INTELLIGENTSIA (university students) INTELLIGENTSIA: well- educated citizens/university students who had a strong interest in politics and society!

RISE OF Revolutionary Movements! The most radical INTELLIGENTSIA demanded SOCIALISM! TERM - SOCIALISM: an economic system in which a nation’s land, natural resources, industries, and other means of production are owned collectively by all the people or are controlled by the gov’t.

Intelligentsia go out in the countryside to spread their message to the peasants! ( ) Intelligentsia go out in the countryside to spread their message to the peasants! ( ) – most peasants did not understand the students’ message; were not interested in it; or resented educated young people from the cities telling them what to do.  students were arrested or sent away Failure of the Intelligentsia!

#2. What types of revolutionary groups existed in the late 1880’s? Split into 3 Groups:  PEASANTS  FACTORY WORKERS  TERRORISTS

Term: UNDERGROUND  ALEXANDER II begins to suppress revolutionary groups- forces groups UNDERGROUND  Terrorists (The People’s Will) assassinate Alexander II in 1881 WHERE TERRORIST GROUPS OPERATED SECRETLY AGAINST ALEXANDER II

Assassination of Alexander II

#3- WHAT DID Alex III DO?  In 1881, Alexander III stopped most of the reforms of his father  HE believed in “Autocracy (absolute power), orthodoxy (one Catholic religion), nationality (one Russian culture) “

#3- WHAT DID Alex III DO?  Anyone who questioned czar’s absolute authority, did not worship in the Russian Orthodox Church or spoke another language other than Russian was tagged as dangerous  USED Censorship, secret police VS. ALL REVOLUTIONARIES  Revolutionary Movement was stalled during his oppressive leadership

#4 Who was Nicholas II and what problems did he face?

Who was Czar (Tsar) Nicholas?

Nicholas II: Czar in 1894  refused to surrender any of his power  Pledged to continue the strict rule of his father, Alexander III

#4 Czar Nicholas II: Problems he faced! Pop. doubled between 1850 and 1900 Growth of urbanization & industrialization was much faster. Russia’s working class was 4x bigger than it was in 1860 (15 million people).

Industrialization of Russia  Number of factories doubled (between 1863 & 1900)  TERM: Entrepreneurs – persons who took financial risks to start new businesses in industry – created a new middle class  Still lagged behind the industrial nations of western Europe  build up of heavy industry (i.e. steel) with higher taxes & foreign investments  building of the Trans-Siberian Railway – world’s longest line (began 1891 – 1904 completed)

Problems of industrialization: Many workers came to believe that a change of government was required for their conditions to improve!

Problems of industrialization: Both women and men worked 12 to 14 hours a day for low pay, often in harsh, unsafe, or unhealthy conditions. Housing was equally bad. Families often shared unclean and overcrowded rented rooms with other families or single workers.

Alexander III oppression in Russia strict censorship secret police political prisioners sent to Siberia TSAR has absolute power - autocracy, orthodoxy and nationality Russification oppression of all national groups in Russia wanted to establish a uniform culture Jews targeted! Nicholas II- new Tsar Problems he will face: industrialization growing revolutionary movement Communists (Bolsheviks)

Room: Hutch318

Image B: Revolutionary Movements; The Last Czars

Image B: Quick Write Describe the image while referring to the following info: Alexander II – reforms “intelligensia” – students of socialist ideas Socialism – What is it? 3 Groups: Peasants, factory workers, terrorists Underground & Assassination of Alexander II Alexander III

Warm-Up: IMAGES A & B SOCRATIVE REVIEW Communist Manifesto DBQ Image C: Moving Toward Revolution; The Rise of Political Parties; Marxism & Leninism Image D: The Revolution of 1905; Reform, Repression, & Continued Unrest C&D Formative Assessment C&D Quick Draw /Homework/Exit

Review Formative Assessment for Images A and B

Marx and Engels co-authored the pamphlet 'THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO’, published in 1848

Image C: Moving Toward Revolution; The Rise of Political Parties; Marxism & Leninism Sect. 3: IMAGE C QUESTIONS 1. What was life like for industrial workers in Russia in 1900? 2. Describe the theory of Marxism. 3. What did Marx believe would be the final state of revolution? 4. How did Lenin’s views differ from Marx’s? What was the name of Lenin’s political party?

Czar Nicholas II legalized POLITICAL PARTIES IN RUSSIA: IMAGE C: REVIEWS THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES DURING THE REIGN OF THIS LAST CZAR OF RUSSIA

C1 – What was life like for Industrial workers in Russia in 1900?  Bad working conditions  Low wages  Child labor  Labor Unions outlawed  Wide Gap between rich & poor  Ideas of Marxism begin to trickle into Russian society  Industrial workers a great potential source of revolution “The hand that would rule the world”

#2 Describe MARXISM  The working class would overthrow the class of factory owners  The working class would then form “a dictatorship of the proletariat”

#3 What did MARX believe would be the final stage of revolution?  All citizens would rule themselves in a “classless society” with no need for gov’t – this was called “COMMUNISM”.

TERM: Marxism – the belief that since industrial owners (bourgeoisie) had taken advantage of the working class (proletariat) to make profits, the poor workers would revolt and establish a socialist state. In time, a “classless” society would emerge where people would live cooperatively and without a need for gov’t. This final stage was called “communism”.

 TERM: The Mensheviks: socialist political party that followed Marxism.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov – #4 How did Lenin’s views differ from Marx’s?  His version of Marxism: Leninism  Argued that: a small group of professional revolutionaries from the “intelligentsia” would have to lead the less capable proletariat to revolution! Video 0:00-3:00

#4 What was the name of Lenin’s political party?  Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik Party  In 1907 he fled to western Europe to avoid arrest by the Czar Nicholas’ regime  He waited in exile for his opportunity to return to Russia Video 0:00-3:00

TERMSLeninism: Lenin’s version of Marxism; since Russian workers didn’t have the class consciousness they needed to launch a revolution, a small group of professional revolutionaries from the “intelligentsia” would have to lead the proletariat to revolution instead. Bolsheviks: socialist political party that followed Leninism.

TERMS Constitutional Democrats (Kadets): Russia’s moderate party; opposed socialism and revolution – wanted capitalism!

Marxism (Mensheviks) vs. Leninism (Bolsheviks)

Problems: Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War  The Czar’s weakness paved the way for revolution  Russo-Japanese War – Russia and Japan both competing for territory in Manchuria and Korea  1904 – Japanese attacked Russia for breaking agreements over the territories.  Repeated losses to Japanese sparked unrest at home Video: 3:10

Bloody Sunday  On Jan., 22, ,000 factory workers gathered outside the Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg  They wanted better working conditions, more personal freedom and an elected national legislature

Bloody Sunday!  Czar’s police chiefs and generals ordered soldiers to fire on the crowd  Between 500 & 1000 people were killed  Video 6:35

TERMS Bloody Sunday: The massacre of peaceful protesters by Russian troops in St. Petersburg.

Revolution of 1905  Factory workers formed councils called soviets that organized a wave of strikes throughout the country  Soviets helped negotiate with police and factory owners throughout this crisis  Video 6:35

TERMS Revolution of 1905: Revolution of 1905: This uprising of intelligentsia, peasant groups, and factory workers was sparked by Russia’s defeat in the Russo- Japanese War & Bloody Sunday.

TERMS soviets: soviets: Councils of factory workers that gained power through organized strikes and negotiations with police & factory owners

Czar Nicholas’ Response

Czar Nicholas finally passes some reforms…  In 1905, Nicholas orders creation of a Duma –Russia’s First Parliament  Duma met once – intentions were to make Russia a constitutional monarchy similar to Britain  Political parties were also legalized in 1905  The Russian people were given basic civil liberties  Violence erupts in the streets

TERMS DUMA: DUMA: A Russian national parliament formed by Czar Nicholas in 1905.

TERMS Civil liberties: Czar Nicholas guaranteed Russian citizens basic Civil liberties: Czar Nicholas guaranteed Russian citizens basic personal freedoms that were protected by law in 1905.

Czar Nicholas II's opening speech before the Duma in the Winter Palace (1906 )

Czar Nicholas pulls back on reforms…  After 10 weeks the Duma is dissolved  Other Dumas meet later – but never have enough real power to make reforms  Nicholas relies on secret police to keep the peace  Launches program to give peasants their own land to gain their loyalty.. Came too late though…

Image C: Moving Toward Revolution; The Rise of Political Parties; Marxism & Leninism REVIEW: Nicholas II –had legalized political parties Marxism – Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels The Bourgeoisie The Proletariat Communism: Classless Society w/o need for gov’t Vladimir Lenin – Bolsheviks - Leninism Professional revolutionary leaders: “intelligentsia”

Room: Hutch318

Image D: The Revolution of 1905; Reform, Repression, & Continued Unrest ANSWER REVIEW QUESTIONS: SECT. 3 D PGS What caused the 1905 Revolution? 2.What were soviets & what did they do? 3. What reforms did Nicholas II agree to and were they successful? 4. How did Nicholas II attempt to keep control of Russia?

Study Terms for images a, b, c, d (Czar Alex.II –Duma) QUIZ TOMORROW!

Image D: The Revolution of 1905; Reform, Repression, & Continued Unrest Describe while using the following terms: Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg Russo-Japanese War Revolution of 1905 Soviets (councils of city factory workers) Czar Nicholas II Reforms – Duma/constitution/civil liberties Repression: Secret police, land grants to peasants