Early American Reformers

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Asylum & Penal Reform Education Women’s Rights Abolitionism Banning the sale and consumption of alcohol Freeing the slaves Conditions in jails and mental institutions Right to Vote and equal treatment under the law Free public education

“Father of American Education” Horace Mann ( )  Education is great equalizer- reduce poverty and crime  Public schools paid for with tax dollars. Massachusetts the first  established state teacher- training programs  By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. R3-6

Asylum and Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix ( ) Mentally ill were jailed and forced to live in terrible conditions with criminals Responsible for getting laws passed and hospitals built R1-5/7

Women Educators  Female Seminary: Troy, NY; the country's first academic school for young women.  spurred the establishment of other high schools for girls, women's colleges, and co- educational universities.  train female teachers Emma Willard ( )

Annual Consumption of Alcohol Temperance Movement

Lyman Beecher American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”! R1-6 Protestant Minister Alcohol led to violence and poverty Created societies that fought for banning alcohol 18 th amendment passed in 1920 made alcohol illegal

“The Drunkard’s Progress” From the first glass to the grave, 1846

Abolitionist Movement

William Lloyd Garrison ( )  Slavery went against principles of America  Immediate emancipation  Published the Liberator for 35 years (newspaper) R2-4

The Liberator Premiere issue - January 1, 1831 R2-5

A religious revival in the 1800’s inspired women to improve society. Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké  Grew up on a plantation in the South. Parents owned slaves  First women to speak publicly against social problems  Traveled throughout North speaking out against slavery R2-9

Frederick Douglass ( ) Former Slave The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass published the “The North Star” R2-12

Harriet Tubman ( )  Helped over 300 slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad.  $40,000 bounty on her head.  Served as a Union spy during the Civil War. “Moses”

The Underground Railroad

13 th amendment (1865) Outlawed Slavery Union (North) had to win Civil War Abolitionists played a role in helping to divide country prior to war

Sojourner Truth ( ) or Isabella Baumfree The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10

What was the Cult of Domesticity? It was a new ideal of womanhood arising from women’s magazines, advice books, popular culture, etc.

Godey’s proclaimed "The perfection of womanhood... is the wife and mother, the center of the family, that magnet that draws man to the domestic altar, that makes him a civilized being, a social Christian."

Ideal of Womanhood Piety Purity Submissiveness Domesticity

Early 19c Women 1.Unable to vote. 2.Legal status of a minor. 3.Single - could own her own property. 4.Married - no control over her property or her children. 5.Could not initiate divorce. 6.Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

Women’s Rights Lucretia MottElizabeth Cady Stanton Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments R2-6/7 Started as Abolitionists: 1840: The World Anti- Slavery Society denied women delegates the right to speak. Considered the birthplace of the women’s rights movement

“He has endeavored, in every way that he could, to destroy her confidence in her own powers, to lessen her self-respect, and to make her willing to lead a dependent life.” “He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.” “He has withheld from her rights which are given the most ignorant and degraded men- both natives and foreigners.” “He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.” “He has taken from her all right in property …if single, and the owner of property, he has taxed her to support a government which recognizes her only when her property can be made profitable to it.” Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

Susan B. Anthony Active in temperance and Abolition Fought for Women’s Suffrage Formed the National Woman Suffrage Association and then the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

The demand for woman suffrage presented a vision of independent women that seemed to threaten social structures.

1848: New York passed a Married Woman’s Property Act—other states followed. But calls for divorce reform were less successful. Two new demands:

Frederick Douglass demanded the vote for women in Before the Civil War, black and white men and women worked together for women’s rights and the abolition of slavery.

The 14 th Amendment to the Constitution added “male” to its definition of eligible voters—women would need another amendment explicitly granting them the franchise.

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This image made the point that, in being denied the vote, respectable, accomplished women were reduced to the level of the disenfranchised outcasts of society.

Finally, on Aug. 20, 1920, the 19 th Amendment became part of the United States Constitution when Tennessee became the 36 th state to ratify it.

THEMATIC ESSAY QUESTION Theme: Reform Movements Reform movements have been an important part of United States history. Task: Identify two reform movements in the United States since 1800 and for each reform movement  Describe the historical circumstances that led to the need for reform  State one goal of the movement  Discuss one action taken by the government, a group, or an individual in support of this goal Reform Movement 1Reform Movement 2 Describe the historical circumstances that led to the need for reform State one goal of the movement Discuss one action taken by the government, a group, or an individual in support of this goal