Journal Question – Do you know? What common physical complaint was chalk used to treat in early medicine? What is a “poultice” or “plaster” and what would you use it to treat? How did coca-cola got its name?

Introduction to Pharmacy Health Science: Pharmacy Technician

Ancient Cause and Cure Earliest man believed most illness was caused by supernatural forces - “evil spirits.” One cure was to trephine which involved drilling a hole in the skull to let out evil spirits.

Ebers Papyrus Egyptian list of medical treatments from 1550BC. Contained herbal treatments mixed with magical formulas. One of earliest documents of herbal medicine or use of natural plant products to prevent or cure illness. Examples: ginger, honey

Father of Medicine Hippocrates 400BC Greek physician that first used scientific approach of reasoning and close observation of patients to determine the cause of illnesses – finding natural links for illness such as diet, activity and hygiene rather than just “evil spirits”.

Herbal Medicine – Chinese 200 BC Extensive use of herbal remedies dates back 5000 years. Shen Nung, early emperor, tried over 350 herbal treatments on himself to document their safety & effectiveness. Herbal remedies began to be cataloged around 200 BC in Han Dynasty & their use is still extensive today.

Herbal Medicine – Dioscorides 77BC Greek physician working in the Roman Legion wrote the De Materia Medica. Five books that included a description of over 600 plants and their healing properties. Example of an early pharmacopoeia or listing of drugs – now called a formulary. Example: Salicylic acid from willow tree (fore-runner of aspirin) and described how to get opium from poppies.

Father of Pharmacy Galen AD Another Greek working with the Roman Army, Galen brought together centuries of medical & pharmacology knowledge. His work became the expert guide for over 100 years especially on more precise ways to extract medicinal treatments from herbal plants with his methods called galenical pharmacy.

Father of Pharmacy?? Paracelsus 1500AD Swiss alchemist that in 1500 AD rejected all previous theory except Hippocrates and used chemistry as basis for drug development. First published recipe for drug laudanum – which would be popular for next 300 years.

Did any of these remedies work??? Often unlikely remedies worked due to the placebo effect. Because the person believes so strongly that the cure will work, they have an improvement in their illness regardless of effectiveness of treatment.

Medicine in Early America Infectious disease was a most common problem in early America – Malaria, dysentery, syphilis. Doctors were also the “druggist” mixing their own “prescriptions”. Some common prescriptions were: Cinchona bark (quinine) – reduced fever & muscle spasms in malaria Saw palmetto – prostate Ginger – stomach ache Echinacea – infection, immune system

Medicine in Early America Other remedies were not as safe – mercury for syphilis and bloodletting. Many died from mercury poisoning which attacks the nervous system. George Washington was killed by too much bloodletting to treat an infection.

Medicine in Early America One of the most popular tonics in early America was Laudanum – the tonic of alcohol and opium. Used to treat severe pain from battlefield wounds in the Civil War and everything from depression to headaches. Was very addictive and many people became dependent. Sale to public was not regulated until early 1900’s

Do we still use laudanum today?? Yes!! It is now almost exclusively referred to as tincture of opium. It’s uses are limited – control of diarrhea, management of withdrawal in infant’s of mother’s addicted to heroin or other opiates during pregnancy, and some uses in pain management.

Early Pharmacy in Amercia After the Civil War, apothecaries begin to spring up across America.

Early Pharmacy in America The first “druggists” that were trained to accurately prepare medications began working in the 1800’s – they compounded every medication they prepared.

Early Pharmacy in America They had large ornate jars full of varied herbs and ingredients and remedies were contained in “recipe” books.

Early Pharmacy Technicians The first corner drug stores often used family members to take prescriptions and run the counter – essentially becoming the first pharmacy techs. The military trained techs to fulfill a more in- depth role including many duties of a pharmacist on the battlefield and field hospitals. Military techs still have an expanded role even today.

The Soda Fountain – Pharmacy 1900’s In the early 1900’s because the pharmacist’s role was not as involved as it is today, the pharmacist often expanded his corner drug to include a “soda fountain”. These served carbonated beverages or mineral waters that were supposed to have healing properties.

The Soda Fountain Pharmacy For example, the first 7-Up drink had lithium in it and was reported to treat arthritis and gout.

Rapid Drug Advances… Jenner uses smallpox vaccine 1803-Serturner extracts morphine from opium 1846-First general anesthetic 1864-Louis Pasteur’s “germ theory” proves microbes responsible for disease 1884-Koller, Viennese surgeon uses cocaine as 1 st local anesthetic 1921-Insulin for diabetes 1928-Fleming discovers penicillin 1 st antibiotic 1960-Birth control pills

Journal Question What do you think are the requirements to become a pharmacist? Can you name at least three different types of pharmacy practice areas?

Being a Pharmacist Today Doctorate in Pharmacy (PharmD) required by all states. (6-7 yrs) Graduate from accredited pharmacy school. Most pharmacy schools require minimum 2 years post-secondary classes, then PCAT for entry. Heavy emphasis on chemistry & biology. Internship working under licensed pharmacist during your last year of program. Post graduation licensure is obtained by passing: NAPLEX –North American Pharmacy Licensure Exam that tests pharmacy knowledge & skills MPJE Multi-State Jurisprudence Exam or a state based equivalent that tests pharmacy law. Other tests may be required by the individual state for licensure.

Careers in Pharmacy - Traditional Work in retail, hospital, & mail order settings filling medication requests and counseling clients.

Careers in Pharmacy Clinical/Consulting Clinical - Review patient’s lab values and clinical diagnosis in hospital setting to give input to MD on which meds to use for treatment. Consulting - May visit long term care centers to review client meds for interaction. Consulting - May work for drug companies educating about new products.

Careers - Nuclear Deals with preparation of radioactive isotopes used in diagnostic testing

Careers in Pharmacy - Compounding Mix, reconstitute, and package medications from base ingredients.

Careers in Pharmacy - Infusion Specialize in preparation of IV infusion products – often for home based use.

Careers in Pharmacy- Oncology Specialize in the preparation and dispensing of chemotherapeutic agents used for tumor & cancer treatment.

Careers in Pharmacy - Pediatrics Specialize in medications for the pediatric population – can sub-specialize into oncology, neonatal, clinical, etc.

Settings for Practice Hospital

Settings for Practice Compounding Home Infusion Pharmacy

Settings for Practice Mail OrderClinic Based

Pharmacy Career Growth Pharmacist Mean Salary 2013 – $116,500 per year or $56.01 per hour Number of Jobs, ,400 Job Outlook % growth (Average growth) with a change of 41,400 new jobs. Some job markets are more saturated than others, but still many jobs if you are willing to work retail and be flexible in where you live.

Pharmacy Career Growth Pharmacy Tech Salary 2012 $29,320 per year or $14.10 per hour Number of jobs in 2012 – 355,300 Job Outlook % growth (Faster than average) with 70,300 new jobs added

The Expanding Role for Pharmacists Medication Therapy Management Immunizations Pharmacogenomics