Empirical evidence of Internationalization of HE in Europe. EU Mobility Strategy Dejan Bokonjić, Stevan Trbojevic, Nenad Markovic Analysis of current situation about internationalization and recognition mechanisms, Banja Luka/ Project number: EPP BE-EPPKA2-CBHE-SP "This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein" Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Mobility strategy 2020 for EHEA Until to 2020, 20% of graduates should be in mobility Following measures are recommended: 1. Own internationalization and mobility strategy 2. mobility in all three cycles 3. recognition of period spent abroad 4. social dimension 5. Short term and long term mobilities

Mobility strategy 2020 for EHEA Degree mobility and joint degree and study programs Open higher education system Balanced mobility-brain gain vs brain drain Dismantle obstacles for mobility (expand funding, quality and relevance of mobility, Lisabon recognition convention) Mobility between EHEA and countries outside Europe.

Mobility strategy 2020 for EHEA Quality assurance and transparency tools Flexibilities of the Bologna framework Improved information about study program Institutions should: adopt own strategy for internationalization to European recommendations, to put attention to quality and competences, to create mobility friendly structures, to develop virtual mobility

Definition of internationalization It is intentional process of integrating an international, intercultural or global dimension into the purpose, functions and delivery of post-secondary education, in order to enhance the quality of education and research for all students and staff, and to make a meaningful contribution to society (Jane Knight) Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Introduction In Europe, it is apparent that the internationalization process began with ERASMUS. The program created common understandings and drivers for internationalization in most countries, and this was further reinforced by the Bologna Process. Internationalization is now becoming mainstreamed at the national and institutional level in most countries of the world, and in particular in Europe. Even in Europe, seen around the world as a best practice case for internationalization, there is still much to be done. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Introduction Two large studies performed by IAU and EAIE and Delphi panel gave directives for future development of internationalization: Improvement of the quality of teaching and learning and preparing students to live and work in a globalized world; National level policy as a key external driver for internationalization Increasing international (and especially outbound) student mobility is a key policy focus in institutional internationalization policies international research Collaboration and international strategic partnerships are given priority among the internationalization activities undertaken by European institutions. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Introduction Overall, there is a clear trend towards more internationalization of higher education, one that covers a broader range of activities and is more strategic in its approach. All reports call for greater effort towards internationalization in the belief that it can make a difference and bring about necessary change. There is a trend towards more national strategies for internationalization. Governments begin to see it as part of a bigger strategy to position their country, improve economic standing, improve the higher education system or bring about necessary change. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Importance of internationalization Internationalization of higher education is linked to national ambitions, and is part of a broader policy or strategy for national growth These initiatives are directed not only at the HEIs themselves, but at promoting the national higher education system globally. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

10 key developments in HE education strategies 1. Importance of strategies 2. Indicators 3. Insufficient funding 4. Increasing privatization 5. Effects Globalization 6. Growing competition 7. Growing regionalization 8. Rising numbers 9. Insufficient data 10. New trends

Strategies for internationalization There is a clear trend towards a policy cascade from the national to the institutional level, and in Europe this starts at regional level. However, when national strategies for internationalisation use the same targets and performance-based indicators across the system, this can lead to a homogenisation of institutional strategies, Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Strategies for internationalization Moreover, when indicators are being used, they tend to focus on quantitative rather than qualitative results, which puts pressure on the institutions to focus on increasing numbers rather than looking at the outcomes of internationalization in terms of enhancement of education, research and service. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Strategies for internationalization In many countries, governments and HEIs are still struggling to find a balance between autonomy and accountability, and this is reflected in internationalisation as it takes on greater importance in the higher education agenda. This creates particularly strong challenges in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as in emerging and developing economies. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Insufficient funding Funding remains a challenge, but there are a number of countries and institutions which are in the fortunate position of being well-supported in their internationalization efforts by their national governments, or in the case of Europe, by the European Union. Some Central and Eastern European institutions are strongly reliant on funding from the European programs (including structural funds) and do not have any substantial investment in internationalization from their own national and institutional resources. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Insufficient funding The level of importance attached to internationalization impacts on the range of funding mechanisms available and stakeholders involved. These can include a variety of public bodies that provide funding such as government agencies, regions and cities, but investment can also come from private stakeholders such as businesses and foundations. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Increasing privatization The trend towards privatization of higher education is apparent in internationalization. Internationalization is increasingly seen as a means to replace shrinking public funds and thus contributes to a privatization of higher education. Universities are being encouraged to develop new income streams through commercial activities Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Effects of globalization All higher education systems are dealing with the competitive pressures of globalisation, Expectations are being placed on institutions to make a key contribution to national development in terms of employable graduates and transferable knowledge. However, while all countries had different starting points there is increasing global convergence in aspirations, if not yet in actions. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Growing competition There is an evident shift from (only) cooperation to (also) competition : that includes the race for talent, international student recruitment, strategic partnerships, income generation, rankings and institutional positioning. In Europe, we see three main approaches: internationalisation as soft power with long-term economic goals, evident in Scandinavian countries and in Germany, those with a stronger focus on shorter- term economic goals, such as the United Kingdom, and others such as the Netherlands and France that lie somewhere in-between. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Growing competition Beyond Europe, this trend is even more manifest, although in the competition for talent, rankings and positioning there are substantive risks, such as brain drain and dependency in developing countries. The successes and failures of internationalization are linked to the strengths and weaknesses of the national higher education system, Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Growing regionalization There is an evident trend towards regionalization, often taking inspiration from the European model. European influence in other regions is also apparent but to varying degrees. This often depends on the EU programs and level of funding made available, but there has also been careful attention paid to how European models (mobility programmes under Erasmus+, TEMPUS, ECTS... Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Rising numbers The numbers are still rising everywhere. The increase may be fast or slow, large or small, but the numbers for all international activities and, in particular, student mobility whether credit- or degree-seeking, show a clear upward trend, and more countries are becoming involved. Moreover, major sending countries of degree seeking students are increasingly becoming receiving countries as well. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education

Rising numbers Internationalization exposes and magnifies institutional weaknesses, and as international student numbers rise, some countries and institutions are turning their attention and efforts to improving the quality of the student experience. Development of strong quality assurance mechanisms for internationalisation is increasingly perceived as key to providing a high level of education and service to students Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education Inter

Insufficient data Despite the increasing requirements to produce evidence of impact, there is often the perception that there are still insufficient data about internationalisation. While some countries have sophisticated tools for data collection, others produce only limited information on international activities. Beyond data collection, there is a need for more impact studies that can demonstrate outcomes of internationalisation. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education Inter

New trends There is much discussion about internationalisation of the curriculum (and of learning outcomes) and the need to pay greater attention to developing an international dimension In some countries, the question has not yet been addressed as a strategic priority, while in others it is understood as teaching in another language, predominantly English, or offering joint and/or double programs. Such programms are clearly growing in number and importance in many countries as a key tool for internationalisation, despite the many legal, financial and quality assurance constraints that still prevail.. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education Inter

New trends Digital learning and virtual learning have been at the centre of many higher education discussions, and yet the question can be asked whether HEIs seek to develop digital learning as part of their internationalization strategy. Strengthening of Internationalisation in B&H Higher Education Inter

Scenario for future development of internationalization IoHE will be seen increasingly as a response to the on-going globalisation of our economies and societies IoHE will be driven by different factors in response to the call for greater competitiveness, graduate employability, global engagement, knowledge exchange, and income generation. Role of private sector

Scenario for future development of internationalization The academic response will continue to focus on enhancing internationalization through mobility and cross-border delivery, but importantly also through the wider curriculum (and learning outcomes) Partnership with key stakeholders

Future directions Elements of curricular change will include on the better defined internationalized learning outcomes. 'Internationalisation of the curriculum is the incorporation of international, intercultural and/or global dimensions into the content of the curriculum as well as the learning outcomes, assessment tasks, teaching methods and support services of a program of study. (Leask 2015) They will also align with internationalisation at home (IaH) as defined by Beelen and Jones (2015)

Future directives European Commission will support mobility and partnerships, which will be extended into curriculum development, and such developments will include joint degrees, blended learning, international work placements and internationalized learning outcomes for all students. The combination of funding for the development of international partnerships and for collaborative research will produce a synergistic effect.

Obstacles Funding (lack of funding, increased dependence on short-term external funding sources, national bureaucratic obstacles, disharmony of funding models for higher education in Europe); Language Accessible only to a small elite and not integrated into the curriculum for all students; Lack of engagement of and rewards for faculty and staff, and lack of integration.

Conclusions The outcome will be a European higher education system that is capable of producing global citizens and professionals who are respectful and appreciative of other cultures, and able to contribute to the development of knowledge economies and socially inclusive societies..

Conclusions We can conclude that over the past 35 years, since the first initiatives for joint study development in Europe, the internationalization of higher education has evolved and broadened substantially, in reaction to the further unification of Europe, the globalization of our economies and societies

Conclusion Inclusive International curriculum Degrees and credits-joint degrees Private vs. public Acceptance Funding schema, tuition fees and scholarships Stakeholders and universities Digital learning and virtual mobility

Recommendations for internationalization To enhance language of communication in education and research Cooperation with other types of education Importance of work placement Importance of internationalization at home Break down the barrier between internationalization of research and education

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