They were trying to avoid another large scale war Communist nations take away people’s rights and won’t trade Bell Ringer Why do democracies not like Communist nations? Why did the European powers choose appeasement during the Munich Conference with Hitler?

Imperial nations like Great Britain, France and the US were tired from the War, broke and had been fighting for freedom The developing nations do not side with Democracy (USA) or Communism(USSR) -Nuclear weapons -Terrorism -Human Rights -Human Rights abuses Bell Ringer What are the 4 enduring issues that the world deals with today? What does Non- aligned mean? Why was there mass decolonization after WWII?

The World Today Modern History

Post WWII World War II was fought, in part, to end imperialism around the world. The US, Britain and Germany all went to war to end the expansion by the Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan). After the War, the victorious nations can no longer justify their empires, and slowly free their colonies. We call this decolonization, or liberating. Liberate Set free

The Great Liberation The European powers free their colonies to avoid further conflict, and soon over 100 new nations are born. Freedom, however, is not an easy adjustment for many of these new countries. Many will look to their previous rulers for help. 0-3:00

Developing world These new nations pushed modernization and worked on stabilizing their governments and developing the economy. Most nations saw a rise in the standard of living.

Cold War influences Developing nations had to determine the best governments and economic systems for themselves. Two main forces influenced them: United States: Democracy and Capitalism USSR: Communism and Socialism (Government controls production) Developing nations “aligned” themselves with one of the nations above to help speed up development. Align Give/ get support

Non-Aligned Some nations chose to be “Non-aligned”, meaning they didn’t side with either the USA or USSR influence. Most of Africa, South America and Southeast Asia remained neutral and non-aligned. For example, India becomes a Democratic state with a Socialist system. The people have a say in the government, but the government gets to redistribute the wealth to take care of all citizens.

Non-Aligned Movement The nonalignment movement officially began in 1955 when a India and Pakistan organized a conference of newly independent nations from around the world. By 1961 more than 100 nations joined the nonalignment movement, staying out of the Cold War. Non-Align Political independence from the Cold War superpowers

Interdependence Creates problems and opportunity so many organizations are developed to deal with rising issues: United Nations (Created after WWII) World Health Organization European Community Association of Southeast Asian Nations World Bank Interdependence- needing the goods, resources and knowledge from other parts of the world

Enduring Issues Nuclear Weapons: world wide50,000+ Currently, 17 nations are known to have Nuclear weapon capabilities. Nuclear non-proliferation treaties aim to stop the spread of Nuclear weapons

Enduring Issues Terrorism: Deliberate use of random violence, esp. against civilians, to exact revenge or achieve political goals On the rise since the 1960’s: Palestinians killed Israel’s Olympians to protest the forming of an Israeli state during the Iranian Olympics

Enduring Issues Human Rights: Nations around the world agreed to guarantee freedom of Speech, Religion, and Press, along with the right to earn a living. “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood” John Locke Started the idea of Natural Rights such as Life, Liberty and property During the Enlightenment

Enduring Issues Human Rights abuses: torture and arbitrary arrests are still common in developing nations. The world use political and economic sanctions to stop abuse. Sometimes armed force is used. Ex: South Africa and Apartheid Sanctions Punishments

Apartheid During Imperialism the British gained control over South Africa and the previous colonizers, the Dutch Boers. To keep the Boers happy, South Africa began a harsh segregation system known as Apartheid. This system kept Black and colored African citizens inferior to the White citizens. Blacks were denied jobs, education, medical care, legal advice and were kept in poor living conditions. This system was finally abolished in 1994 with significant help from Nelson Mandela and international economic sanctions. Despite the terrible history of Apartheid, Mandela used his role as leader to push for forgiveness and healing not retribution of the previous apartheid enforcers. 2.5 mins7 minutes

Economic Trends As the World has developed, so has economic inequality. Generally speaking the world can be split into two economic spheres: Global North- Rich Global South- Poor

What is this artist trying to say?

Global North and South NorthSouth Rich Well Educated Good Medical care Capitalism Supply and Demand Poor Underdeveloped limited education Higher birth rate Longer life expectancy Often exploits cheap labor of Global South Dependent on north for loans, jobs, and goods North and South are interdependent- If one fails the other will follow -Oil Crisis -Great Depression

Obstacles to Development 1)Geography 2)Population and Poverty 3)Economic dependence 4)Economic policies 5)Political instability

Geography Some problems with geography include: -Few resources -Desertification- spreading deserts -Deforestation- cutting down forests for human residences and businesses -Global Warming and melting Polar Ice Caps

Deforestation Deforestation is a serious issue around the world, especially the Amazon River Basin in South America.

Population and Poverty As medical care improves and access to food increase, the population increases. Developing nations rarely have the resources to supply exploding populations with food, housing, education and employment. Better conditions= increase population= strain resources= poverty Nearly 50% of the World population is 25 or younger What kind of strains would this have on developing nations? Need workers to support retired elderly

Economic Dependence Previous Colonies are still dependent on the West for manufactured goods and Loans (used to modernize). What comes from third world nations? What comes from first world nations? Resources, new markets and labor Manufactured goods, education and loans

Economic Policies Many start with socialist economies; the government has a role in controlling production. Often this hinders economic growth because there is no investment capital. Many later turn to capitalism.

Political instability Civil wars rage after colonial rulers part: -Dictators come to power, using state money to maintain control not help the people -Civil wars and genocide occur around the world as nationalities conflict

Environmental Risks Starting in 1970 people began to notice industry is negatively impacting the environment: -Chemical pesticides and fertilizers harm soil and water -Oil Spills -industry gases turn into Acid Rain -Nuclear accidents- Chernobyl The area around Chernobyl will not be safe for humans for over 900 years

Green Revolution Science has been used to increase food production by using fertilizers, pesticides and expensive irrigation systems. Many plants were genetically altered to have higher yield. Food production skyrocketed but hurt the earth.

Earth Summit UN sponsored conferences to discuss cleaning up and preserving the planet but many questions are raised: -Can the materialistic north sacrifice to protect the environment? -Who will help pay for cleaner production in developing nations?

**WWII= Turning Point of History** There are MANY reasons WWII is considered a turning point of history: -Mass Decolonization (new nations still struggle with the effects of independence) -Cold War (persisting stigma against communists and socialism) -Nuclear Weapons (We now have the ability to quickly and completely destroy the world) -Cold war influence Developing World

Ethnic conflict between Croats (Catholics), Serbs (Christians) and Muslims Boris Yeltsin Vladimir Putin Perestroika- Economic reforms (privatization) Glasnost- Openness about the government Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Regulate the price, production and cost of Petroleum oil What does OPEC stand for? What does OPEC do? The conflict in Bosnia was a genocide. What was the cause? Who was the first Russian President? Who is the Russian president today? What two policies did Gorbechev introduce to bring change to the Soviet Union?

What are two reasons that Japan was able to build a strong economy after WWII? What is the role of the European Union? What is a benefit of membership? -United States Aid and Advice -Skilled Workforce -Highly Educated It is a Trade Organization so it determines prices, costs and production. The benefit is members get reduced tariffs so trade is more profitable, boosting the economy

World Economies Develop The development of economies in the superpowers

The West The West includes the US, Britain, France, Australia, etc. The west has seen a shift from a manufacturing economy to a service industry Service industries focus on healthcare, finance, sales, education and recreation

European Community In 1957 six nations agreed to form the European Community to grow trade between them. They created a common market and offered special tariffs for trade between them. In the 1990s it was renamed to the European Union and includes many more nations. The European Union regulates costs, production and prices

Japan After WWII much of Japan was damaged and it had lost its colonies. However, with aid from the US, Japan developed a Democracy Americans pushed social reform, promoting women’s rights, universal suffrage and education Japan’s Parliament= the Diet

Japan: Economic Superpower Began making textiles but quickly moved into making cars, cameras, and technology Japanese technicians and architects work throughout the world How did Japan catch up so quickly after WWII? -highly skilled/ educated workers -spent little on military budget -economic powerhouse/ military weak

Indian Independence Gandhi led independence movement stressing passive resistance and civil disobedience In 1947 Britain divided India into Pakistan (Muslims) and India (Hindu). Millions moved according to religion Gandhi was killed trying to stress non violence among the moving religious groups.

Democratic India India became the world’s largest democracy. Kept many of the British Laws and government systems. Very diverse: over 1 Billion people, with over 15 languages The Nehru dynasty- for 40 years after independence the Nehru family were elected as Prime Ministers; Father to Daughter -both were assassinated

India’s Economy Socialist= five year plans focused on heavy industry (steel) India is experiencing quick economic growth in some areas, but much of the nation remains poor and rural. Today the Indian economy is just starting to slow down but foreign investors continue to operate factories and service centers in India

North: Loans, medicine, goods South: New Markets, Cheap labor, resources -Berlin Airlift -Cuban Missile Crisis -Korean War -Vietnam War -Afghanistan conflict They were not sided with either the a democratic or communist nation They were a democratic- socialist nation The union reduces tariffs (taxes) between member nations, lowering prices How does the European Union (or community) work to promote trade? What does the Global North provide to the world? What does the Global South provide the World? List 2 conflicts associated with the Cold War and the US policy of Containment India became an independent “non- aligned” nation. What does this mean?

Social reforms Used Green Revolution techniques to increase food production Population increasing but 1/3 live in poverty, eating one meal per day Sons are valued in Indian Society, Why?

Percent living in poverty by county

Outlawed practices Traditional values, such as the Caste system, have been outlawed, but are still unofficially practiced. The Indian Constitution forbids the mistreatment of untouchables but attempts to integrate society have failed.

Egypt 99% of the population live on 10% of the land near the Nile 1950’s- Nasser created a military dictatorship and began modernizing Egypt Nasser was determined to end foreign rule and gain control of the Suez Canal “This money is ours. This canal is the property of Egypt… The Canal was dug by Egypt’s sons and 120,000 of them died while working. The Suez Canal Company in Paris is an imposter company”

Nasser’s Legacy Led two wars against Israel Created a socialist state; he seized businesses and banks and land was given to peasants Built the Aswan Dam providing 2 million acres of new farmland, but destroyed much of the natural landscape Friends with the Soviets

Hosni Mubarak Made peace with Israel Population growing faster than food production Mubarak controlled power and cracked down on protestors. Mubarak is eventually overthrown during the Arab Spring and replaced with a democratic government

Iran’s Revolution Read pages and answer the following: -What role did the US play in Iran’s Government in the 1950s? How did the Iranians feel about this US Role? -Why do you think the Americans got involved? -When opposition grew against the Shah, what did he do? -Study the Cause and Effect table on page 499. Draw a time line of events with at least 6 events from the Iran Revolution, causes and effects

When I go to the office, I put on my shirt and I take off my Caste; When I come home, I take off my shirt and put on my Caste.” What is the main idea of the Quotation? 1. The Caste system continues to influence Indian society 2. the Caste System has been reflected by most Indians 3. Successful urban workers in India belong the same Caste 4. The Indian government officially supports the Caste System

The rise of independence states in Asia and Africa after World War II demonstrates the 1. Failure of nationalist movements 2. influence of socialism 3. Success of United Nations peacekeeping forces 4. Decline of European colonial empires

Mohandas Gandhi is best known for his 1. use of passive resistance to achieve Indian independence 2. Desire to establish Islamic Nations 3. Opposition to Hindus holding political office 4. Encouragement of violence to end British rule

The primary goal of the Indian National congress ( ) was to 1. reform the Hindu Religion 2. Partition India between Muslims and Hindus 3. Create a socialist economy 4. Gain independence from Great Britain

Since India’s independence in 1947, the government has had the greatest success in a.Increasing the overall food production b.Reducing the population c.Eliminating religious conflict d.Controlling industrial pollution

One reason India gained its Independence from Great Britain in 1947 was that 1. Great Britain was defeated in World War II 2. The treaty of Versailles required Great Britain to give up its colonies 3. Great Britain did not have the resources to maintain an empire 4. India had supported the Axis powers during World War II

During India’s independence movement, Mohandas Gandhi’s boycott of British textiles and products was effective because the British considered India a major 1.Shipping center 2.Industrial center 3.Market for manufactures goods 4.Sources of mineral resources

Globalization The world has become increasingly interdependent. Goods often travel all over the world before finally being purchased by the consumer in a store.