AP notes sentences

Syntax  The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.  Similar to diction but refers to GROUPS of words as opposed to individual words

Antecedent  The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun  Multiple choice questions commonly ask for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or a group of sentences

Clause  A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb  Independent-can stand alone as a sentence  Dependent-must be accompanied by an independent clause  Although balanced calendar shortens the summer, the breaks in the fall and spring are beneficial.  Clauses usually begin with words like although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, where, and that.

Sentence Types  Simple  Compound  Complex  Compound-complex

Simple  Simple (one independent clause):  We drove from Connecticut to Tennessee in one day.

Compound  Compound (more than one independent clause):  We were exhausted, but we arrived in time for my father's birthday party.

Complex  Complex (one independent clause and at least one dependent clause):  Although he is now 79 years old, he still claims to be 65.

Compound-complex  Compound-complex (more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause):  After it was all over, my dad claimed he knew we were planning something, but we think he was really surprised.

 1. Mark and Dani have a big argument every summer over where they should spend their summer vacation. A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence

CORRECT ANSWER CCCC

 2. Ellen loves to go to the beach and spends her days sunbathing. A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence

CORRECT ANSWER AAAA

 3. Chad, on the other hand, likes the view that he gets from the log cabin up in the mountains, and he enjoys hiking in the forest. A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence

CORRECT ANSWER DDDD

 4. Kesha dislikes sitting on the beach; he always gets a nasty sunburn. A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence

CORRECT ANSWER BBBB

 5. Robin tends to get bored sitting on the beach, watching the waves, getting sand in her swimsuit, and reading detective novels for a week. A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence

CORRECT ANSWER AAAA

 6. Paige went to the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Lyndsay went to Cape Cod. A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence

CORRECT ANSWER BBBB

 7. Although they are 250 miles apart, they keep in constant contact on the internet. A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence

CORRECT ANSWER CCCC

 8. Daniel took the desktop computer that he uses at work, and Brandy sits on the beach with her laptop computer, which she connects to the internet with a cellular phone. A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence

CORRECT ANSWER DDDD

Two other types:  In terms of style, you will also find that sentences are classified  as periodic or  as cumulative sentences.

Periodic sentences  Periodic sentences begin with modifying phrases and clauses, sometimes piling them on, and then end with an independent clause, period. --or-- In this sentence, additional details are placed before the basic statement. Delay, of course, is the secret weapon of the periodic sentence.

 Basic statement: John gave his mother flowers.  Periodic sentence: John, the tough one, the sullen kid who scoffed at any show of sentiment, gave his mother flowers.  Basic statement: The cat scratched Sally.  Periodic sentence: Suddenly, for no apparent reason, the loveable cat scratched Sally.

Cumulative sentences  Cumulative sentences, on the other hand, begin with the independent clause and then finish with a flurry of modifying constructions. --or--  This sentence is a basic statement with a string of details added to it.

 Basic statement: Bells rang.  Cumulative sentence: Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets to hear the news.  Basic statement: The teacher considered him a good student.  Cumulative sentence: The teacher considered him a good student, steady if not inspired, willing if not eager, responsive to instruction and conscientious about his work.

Quiz:  Are these sentences periodic or cumulative? 1. Apparently Coca-Cola, which is currently used by its own manufacturers to clean out the engines of their trucks, as well as remove toilet stains, purify the stomach of questionable bacteria, and marinate steak in several hours originally was laced with cocaine. 2. Apparently Coca-Cola once contained cocaine, which in the early twentieth century was not thought to be harmful taken in small doses, especially when the dose was only 1/1400 of a grain per bottle, hardly something to give one a heavy addiction, yet still strong enough to mildly lure one to consuming the soda.

Quiz:  Are these sentences periodic or cumulative? 1. P 2. C

1 st grade review 1 st grade review  Declarative  Imperative  Interrogative  Exclamatory

What type is it? 1. Ms. Lopez went to the store. 2. Where is the store? 3. Shut that door now. 4. Stop touching my food!

What type is it? 1. Ms. Lopez went to the store. 1.Declarative 2. Where is the store? 2. Interrogative 3. Shut that door now. 3. Imperative 4. Stop touching my food! 4. Exclamatory