Catholic University of Santos BRAZIL BIOFUELS: The Risks to Brazilian Biodiversity and Their Interaction With Global Warming Prof. Dr. Vladimir Garcia Magalhães

BRAZILIAN BIODIVERSITY It is estimated that 40% of world biodiversity is located in Brazil. It is estimated that 40% of world biodiversity is located in Brazil. Brazil harbor 17% of the species off all existing plants being endemic. Brazil harbor 17% of the species off all existing plants being endemic.

BRAZILIAN BIODIVERSITY Brazil has the world’s largest variety of birds, with almost 1,600 species including many varieties of parrots. Brazil has the world’s largest variety of birds, with almost 1,600 species including many varieties of parrots. One can find about 4,430 species of vertebrate animals, among mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish. One can find about 4,430 species of vertebrate animals, among mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish.

BRAZILIAN BIODIVERSITY Naturalists have catalogued over 100,000 invertebrates in Brazil. Naturalists have catalogued over 100,000 invertebrates in Brazil. One can find about 4,430 species of vertebrate animals, among mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish. One can find about 4,430 species of vertebrate animals, among mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish.

BRAZILIAN BIODIVERSITY BURNED FORESTS- 2010/09/09 Source: INPE- National Institute for Spacial Research (Brazil)

BRAZILIAN BIODIVERSITY Moreover, 59% of the species of amphibians, 37% of the reptiles, 17% of the mammals, and 12% of the birds can only be found in Brazil. Moreover, 59% of the species of amphibians, 37% of the reptiles, 17% of the mammals, and 12% of the birds can only be found in Brazil. One can find about 4,430 species of vertebrate animals, among mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish. One can find about 4,430 species of vertebrate animals, among mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish.

BRAZILIAN BIODIVERSITY Biomes : Amazonia (Amazon Rainforest); Mata Atlântica (Atlantic Rainforest); Cerrado (a kind of savannah); Caatinga (semiarid thorn forest/dryland); Pantanal (the worlds largest inland wetland); and Pampa (grass fields). Biomes : Amazonia (Amazon Rainforest); Mata Atlântica (Atlantic Rainforest); Cerrado (a kind of savannah); Caatinga (semiarid thorn forest/dryland); Pantanal (the worlds largest inland wetland); and Pampa (grass fields). More than linear Km of highly diverse coastal and marine ecossystems. More than linear Km of highly diverse coastal and marine ecossystems.

BRAZILIAN BIOMES

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME AMAZON

contains the largest single reserve of biological organisms in the world. The region covers an area of approximately 1.9 million sq. miles (5 million sq. km), which accounts for about 60 percent of the Brazilian territory. contains the largest single reserve of biological organisms in the world. The region covers an area of approximately 1.9 million sq. miles (5 million sq. km), which accounts for about 60 percent of the Brazilian territory.

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME AMAZON No one really knows how many species there are in the Amazon forest, but scientists estimate that there are between 800,000 and 5 million species living there, amounting to 8 to 17 percent of all the species in the entire world: 1.5 million catalogued species of trees and other plants, 3,000 types of freshwater fish, 950 species of birds and 300 species of mammals. No one really knows how many species there are in the Amazon forest, but scientists estimate that there are between 800,000 and 5 million species living there, amounting to 8 to 17 percent of all the species in the entire world: 1.5 million catalogued species of trees and other plants, 3,000 types of freshwater fish, 950 species of birds and 300 species of mammals.

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME AMAZON About 20% of earth's oxygen is produced by the Amazon rainforest. About 20% of earth's oxygen is produced by the Amazon rainforest. The Amazon harbors 10% of the world’s total freshwater resources. The Amazon harbors 10% of the world’s total freshwater resources. Despite all of its abundant richness, Amazonia's giant trees grow in the poorest of soil. The top two inches of the acidic soil contains 99% of the nutrients. Despite all of its abundant richness, Amazonia's giant trees grow in the poorest of soil. The top two inches of the acidic soil contains 99% of the nutrients.

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME AMAZON This deforestation is and was mainly caused by agricultural frontier expansion of the big brazilian and foreigner agrobusiness grounded on very large rural properties to produce soybean and cattle for exportation mainly to UE countries, USA and China. This deforestation is and was mainly caused by agricultural frontier expansion of the big brazilian and foreigner agrobusiness grounded on very large rural properties to produce soybean and cattle for exportation mainly to UE countries, USA and China. Deforestation is currently above 17% in the Brazilian Amazon (Global Biodiversity Outlook 3, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010). Deforestation is currently above 17% in the Brazilian Amazon (Global Biodiversity Outlook 3, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010).

BRAZILIAN BIOMES AMAZON

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME MATA ATLANTICA (ATLANTIC RAINFOREST) some scientists says it has greater biodiversity than the Amazon biome. some scientists says it has greater biodiversity than the Amazon biome. Thousands of endemic species. Thousands of endemic species. essential for water supply of about 70% of the Brazilian population. essential for water supply of about 70% of the Brazilian population.

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME MATA ATLÂNTICA (ATLANTIC RAINFOREST) Mainly anthropic impacts: expansion of urban areas and sugacane cultivation. Mainly anthropic impacts: expansion of urban areas and sugacane cultivation. 93% already destroyed. 93% already destroyed.

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME MATA ATLANTICA (ATLANTIC RAINFOREST)

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME PANTANAL (WETLANDS) UNESCO: Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage. UNESCO: Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage. 17% forests already destroyed. 17% forests already destroyed.

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME PANTANAL (WETLANDS)

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME CERRADO (SAVANNAH) Mainly anthropic impact: soybean and sugarcane farming. Mainly anthropic impact: soybean and sugarcane farming. 50% of all Brazilian soybean production. 50% of all Brazilian soybean production. 46,4% already destroyed. 46,4% already destroyed.

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME CERRADO (SAVANNAH)

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME CAATINGA (SEMIARID THORN FOREST) Mainly anthropic impact: cultivation of sugarcane; and cattle/goals ranching. Mainly anthropic impact: cultivation of sugarcane; and cattle/goals ranching. 59% already destroyed. 59% already destroyed.

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME CAATINGA (SEMIARID THORN FOREST)

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME PAMPA (GRASS FIELDS) Anthropic impacts: monoculture of exotic trees for pulp production; cattle raising; agriculture (soybean, ricer, maize). Anthropic impacts: monoculture of exotic trees for pulp production; cattle raising; agriculture (soybean, ricer, maize). 54% already destroyed. 54% already destroyed.

BRAZILIAN BIOMES BIOME PAMPA (GRASS FIELDS)

BIOFUELS ETANOL: sugarcane (Biome Mata Atlântica; Biome Caatinga; Biome Cerrado; Biome Pampas). ETANOL: sugarcane (Biome Mata Atlântica; Biome Caatinga; Biome Cerrado; Biome Pampas). BIODIESEL: 60% produced from soybean (Dutra, 2009). Biome Cerrado; Biome Pampas; Biome Amazonia) BIODIESEL: 60% produced from soybean (Dutra, 2009). Biome Cerrado; Biome Pampas; Biome Amazonia)

INTERNATIONAL LAW Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Convention on Climate Change (CCC). Convention on Climate Change (CCC).

INTERNATIONAL LAW Deforestation of Brazilian biomes to produce sugarcane and soybean decreases Brazilian biodiversity and increases the release of greenhouse gases. Deforestation of Brazilian biomes to produce sugarcane and soybean decreases Brazilian biodiversity and increases the release of greenhouse gases.

INTERNATIONAL LAW So Brazil is not complying with the CBD and CCC. So Brazil is not complying with the CBD and CCC.

BRAZILIAN LAW New Forest Code: Legal Forest Reserve and Permanent Preservation areas New Forest Code: Legal Forest Reserve and Permanent Preservation areas

BIOFUELS ETANOL: sugarcane (Biome Mata Atlântica; Biome Caatinga; Biome Cerrado; Biome Pampas). ETANOL: sugarcane (Biome Mata Atlântica; Biome Caatinga; Biome Cerrado; Biome Pampas). BIODIESEL: 60% produced from soybean (Dutra, 2009). BIODIESEL: 60% produced from soybean (Dutra, 2009).

Catholic University of Santos BRAZIL BIOFUELS: The Risks to Brazilian Biodiversity and Their Interaction With Global Warming THE END Prof. Dr. Vladimir Garcia Magalhães