Animal Nutrition

Groups of Nutrients 1. Carbohydrates 2. Fats and Oils 3. Proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water

Carbohydrates Made up of sugar, starches, cellulose and gums. Made up of sugar, starches, cellulose and gums. Provide energy and heat Provide energy and heat Make up the largest quantity of livestock feed Make up the largest quantity of livestock feed Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Example of a Carbohydrate Corn Most widely grown/used and best energy feed Most widely grown/used and best energy feed High in starch High in starch Very palatable Very palatable The primary grain fed to all swine and poultry The primary grain fed to all swine and poultry

Fats and Oils 2.25 times the energy value of carbohydrates 2.25 times the energy value of carbohydrates At body temperature fats are solids and oils are liquid At body temperature fats are solids and oils are liquid Extra carbohydrates are stored as fats Extra carbohydrates are stored as fats Carry fat-soluble vitamins Carry fat-soluble vitamins

Example of a Fat/Oil Vegetable Oil The most potent energy source The most potent energy source Increases caloric value Increases caloric value Increases palatability when added to feed Increases palatability when added to feed Controls dust Controls dust

Proteins Always Contain –Carbon –Hydrogen –Oxygen –Nitrogen Sometimes Contain –Sulfur –Phosphorus –Iron Organic compounds made up of amino acids

Proteins Major component of muscles, tissues and hair Major component of muscles, tissues and hair Continuously needed to replace dying body cells Continuously needed to replace dying body cells Young animals need large amounts for growth Young animals need large amounts for growth

Example of a Plant Protein Soybean Meal Has the highest nutritional value of any plant protein source Has the highest nutritional value of any plant protein source The most widely used protein source in the U.S. The most widely used protein source in the U.S. Very palatable Very palatable Can be used for all species Can be used for all species

Example of an Animal Protein Meat and Bone Meal Produced from the dry- rendered product from mammal tissues Produced from the dry- rendered product from mammal tissues High in calcium and phosphorus High in calcium and phosphorus Widely used as a protein source in poultry and swine Widely used as a protein source in poultry and swine

Vitamins Trace organic compounds containing carbon Trace organic compounds containing carbon –Needed in small quantities Helps regulate body functions Helps regulate body functions Designated by letters Designated by letters –A,B,C,D,E,K Sources: Sources: –Naturally found in feed –Feed additives made from animal by- products –Made by the body itself

Example of a Vitamin Vitamin A Required by all animals Required by all animals Frequently met by common feedstuffs high in carotene Frequently met by common feedstuffs high in carotene Carotene converted to vitamin A by the body Carotene converted to vitamin A by the body Vitamin A can be a synthetic form Vitamin A can be a synthetic form

Minerals Inorganic materials/compounds containing no carbon Inorganic materials/compounds containing no carbon Needed in small amounts Needed in small amounts –Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, etc. Regulates body functions Regulates body functions Provide growth for: Provide growth for: –Bone –Teeth –Tissue

Example of a Mineral Trace Mineral Salt contains salt and one or more trace minerals (cobalt, copper, Iodine, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc) contains salt and one or more trace minerals (cobalt, copper, Iodine, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc) commonly fed ad libitum (free fed) commonly fed ad libitum (free fed)

Water Makes up 40% to 60% of the animals body Makes up 40% to 60% of the animals body Dissolves other nutrients and helps carry them to parts of the body Dissolves other nutrients and helps carry them to parts of the body Most important nutrient Most important nutrient

Sources of Nutrients Carbohydrates come from cereal grains Carbohydrates come from cereal grains  corn  wheat  oats  rye  barley  sorghum

Sources of Nutrients Proteins Proteins –Plant sources –Soybean meal –Cottonseed meal –Alfalfa meal –Animal sources –Meat meal –Fishmeal –Dried milk –Synthetic nitrogen source called urea

Sources of Nutrients Fats and Oils Fats and Oils –Grains and protein concentrates Vitamins and Minerals Vitamins and Minerals –Most feed ingredients –Supplements  Pre-mixes  Mineral blocks

Sources of Nutrients Other sources and exceptions: Other sources and exceptions: –Alfalfa (roughage) can be used to provide energy and fiber –Molasses  Improves taste (palatability)  Reduces feed dust

Nutritional Value Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) Concentrates are high in TDN Roughages are low in TDN Roughages are low in TDN