DNA TECHNOLOGY Chapter 12

BIOTECHNOLOGY  Manipulation of living organisms to perform useful tasks  Use of DNA technology  Methods used to study or manipulate genetic material Treat and cure diseases/disorders Improve food crops Improve human life  Genetic engineering  Using manipulate genetic material for practical purposes

REPRODUCTIVE CLONING  Birth of new animal through nuclear transplantation  Practical Applications  Produce herds with specific set of desirable traits  Provide perfect “controls” for experiments  Organ transplanting  Restock endangered species populations

DOLLY

Cc

THERAPEUTIC CLONING  Produce embryonic stem cells  Differentiate to create all specialized cells in body  Can divide indefinitely when grown in lab culture  Induce changes in gene expression cause development of particular cell  Adult Stem Cells  Generate replacements of cells but more limited  Give rise to only a few related types of cells  Umbilical Cord Blood Banking  Partially differentiated

CLONING ACTIVITIES  Cumulina Cumulina  Dog Dog

 Stem Cell Stem Cell

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

RECOMBINANT DNA  When DNA combination from two or more different sources form a single DNA molecule  Usually different species  Transfer bacterial gene to plant or one animal’s to another

HUMULIN  Genetically engineered human insulin  1 st GE pharmaceutical product  Previously used insulin from pigs and cows but problematic  Allergic reactions due to different chemical structures  Genetically synthesized two genes of human insulin  Inserted into E. coli host cells  Now created in fermentation vats with liquid bacterial cultures

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)  DNA technology replacing selective breeding  GMOs = organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means  Transgenic organism  Animals that glow in dark Animals that glow in dark

GM FOODS  Corn – ½ crop in US GM  Soybean & Cotton – ¾ crop in US GM  Insect-resistant plants  Potatoes & rice to produce harmless proteins derived from cholera bacterium – act as an edible vaccine  Insertion of salt-water resistance gene enable new varieties of plants & rice to thrive where previously could not

“PHARM” ANIMALS  Currently only used to produce potentially useful proteins  As of 2011, no GM animal is sold as food  However, can eventually be introduced

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNIQUES  Steps to manufacture protein  1- Isolates bacterial plasmid serves as vector  2- Isolates desired gene from another organism  3- Use Restriction Enzyme to splice DNA fragments  4- Form Recombinant DNA  5- Clone  6- Use genes or proteins of bacterial plasmid

USE OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES  Bacterial enzymes used for splicing and pasting DNA fragments  Each RE reads for specific DNA sequence

DNA PROFILING & FORENSIC SCIENCE

DNA PROFILING & FORENSICS  Compare sequences in the genome that vary from person to person  Assist in investigation of murder, crime, paternity, and ancient DNA  3 main steps  Isolate DNA  Amplify DNA  Compare DNA

Cheddar Man – 9,000 year old skeleton that is ancient skeleton that is direct ancestor to local school teacher in Cheddar, England

DNA PROFILING TECHNIQUES  Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)  Specific segment of DNA targeted and copied quickly and precisely  Obtain enough DNA from minute amounts of blood or tissue  Gel Electrophoresis  Lengths of DNA fragments create DNA Fingerprint that can be compared  RFPL Analysis

 Catch a criminal Catch a criminal  RFLP RFLP  Gel Electrophoresis Gel Electrophoresis

GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS

GENOMICS  Study of complete sets of genomes (genes)  Human Genome Project  Difficult to sequence because large amount of genome consists of noncoding DNA  Benefits  Identify disease-associated genes Parkinson’s & Alzheimer’s  Cross-species comparison

ANTHRAX KILLER  In 2001, 5 people died in US from anthrax  Determined bioterrorist attack through mail  Investigators studied anthrax spores – all were identical  Match spores with lab subtype  Unique mutations also matched traced back to a single flask at army facility  Named army research scientist as suspect, case officially remains unsolved  Field of bioinformatics

PROTEOMICS  Similar studies to genomics but focus on protein sets that genomes encode  Study when and where proteins are produced and how interact

HUMAN GENE THERAPY  Recombinant DNA procedure to treat disease by altering afflicted person’s genes

SAFETY & ETHICAL ISSUES  To prevent spread of disease-causing organisms, microbes can only survive within laboratory  GM Foods  Debated whether to label foods  EU has suspended new GM crops and possible ban on all GM food  Arguments that could harm environment or hazardous to health (new allergens)

SAFETY & ETHICAL ISSUES  DNA Technology  Can all seek treatment to make better versus just those with disorder (shortness vs dwarfism)  Genetic profiling raises privacy issues  Discrimination and stigmatization  Affect on environment