LC Chen at BIME, NTU 實驗數據分析與圖表製作 Data Anal. and Fig/Table Preps Lin-Chi Chen ( 陳林祈 ) Dept. of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Eng., National Taiwan University / Tel: ．大四學士專題集合上課

LC Chen at BIME, NTU

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Three Forms of Data Presentation Text: contrary to what you may have heard, not all analyses or results warrant a Table or Figure. Some simple results are best stated in a single sentence, with data summarized parenthetically: Seed production was higher for plants in the full-sun treatment (52.3 +/-6.8 seeds) than for those receiving filtered light (14.7+/- 3.2 seeds, t=11.8, df=55, p<0.001.) Tables: Tables present or summarize lists of numbers or text in columns, each column having a title or label. Do not use a table when you wish to show a trend or a pattern of relationship between sets of values - these are better presented in a Figure. Figures: Figures are visual presentations of results, including graphs, diagrams, photos, drawings, schematics, maps, etc. Graphs are the most common type of figure. Graphs show trends or patterns of relationship.

LC Chen at BIME, NTU How to Refer Tables and Figures How to refer to Tables and Figures from the text: Every Figure and Table included in the paper MUST be referred to from the text. Use sentences that draw the reader's attention to the relationship or trend you wish to highlight, referring to the appropriate Figure or Table only parenthetically: Ex.: Germination rates were significantly higher after 24 h in running water than in controls (Fig. 4). Ex.: DNA sequence homologies for the purple gene from the four congeners (Table 1) show high similarity, differing by at most 4 base pairs. Avoid sentences that give no information other than directing the reader to the Figure or Table: Ex.: Table 1 shows the summary results for male and female heights at Bates College.

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Numbering, Placement, & Foolproof How to number Tables and Figures : Figures and Tables are numbered independently, in the sequence in which you refer to them in the text, starting with Figure 1 and Table 1. Placement of Figures and Tables within the Paper : In consideration of your readers, place each Table or Figure as near as possible to the place where you first refer to it (e.g., the next page.) For manuscripts (e.g. lab papers), Tables and Figures are usually put on separate pages from text material. The "Acid Test" for Tables and Figures : Any Table or Figure you present must be sufficiently clear, well-labeled, and described by its legend to be understood by your intended audience without reading the results section, i.e., it must be able to stand alone and be interpretable. Overly complicated Figures or Tables may be difficult to understand in or out of context, so strive for simplicity whenever possible. If you are unsure whether your tables or figures meet these criteria, give them to a fellow biology major (not in your course) and ask them to interpret your results.

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Descriptive Legends and Captions Descriptive Legends or Captions: To pass the "acid test" above, a clear and complete legend (sometimes called a caption) is essential. Like the title of the paper itself, each legend should convey as much information as possible about the Table or Figure. Do not simply restate the axis labels with a "versus" written in between. Example: Figure 1. Height frequency (%) of White Pines (Pinus strobus) at Thorncrag Bird Sanctuary, Lewiston, Maine, before and after the Ice Storm of '98. Before, n=137, after, n=133. Approximately 16% of canopy pines were topped by heavy ice loads, averaging 3.6 m stem length decrease. Four trees fell during the storm and were excluded from the post-storm survey. Where do you place the legend? Table legends go above the body of the Table and are left justified; Tables are read from the top down. Figure legends go below the graph; graphs and other types of Figures are usually read from the bottom up.

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Table Prep: Rule of Thumb Determine journal’s limitations on number, style, or structure of tables. Tables should be useful (not too simple) and easy to understand (not too complex). Use tables when exact values are important. Use tables when they are more efficient to summarize results than in long, complex sentences. Tables with footnotes and abbreviations should be easily understandable. General rule: 1 table per 1,000 words of text.

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Anatomy of Table The typical layout of a table in three sections demarcated by lines.

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Tables are most easily constructed using your word processor's table function or a spread sheet such as Excel. Gridlines or boxes, commonly invoked by word processors, are optional for our purposes, but unlikely to be permitted in a journal.

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Example: Literature Comparison

LC Chen at BIME, NTU units are specified in column headings wherever appropriate Example: Summary of Readings

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Types of illustrations: Charts/graphs (bar graph, frequency histogram, XY scatter plot, XY line graph.) Photographs (including X-rays, SEM, DNA/protein, image) Line drawings (schematic illustration, instrumentation) Use to provide evidence, emphasis, or efficiency. As with tables, data in charts may be easier to understand than long statements of text. Figures with legends and abbreviations should be easily understandable. Figure Prep: Rule of Thumb

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Determine journal’s limitations on number, size, and types of figures/illustrations. Black and white vs. color Journal may not accept one or the other Journal may charge for use of color Resolution of images: typical requirements At least 300 dpi for photographs 1200 dpi for line art May require glossy prints (hard copies) or specific electronic file types. Label all figures according to journal’s specifications. Clearly mark the correct orientation of the photograph. Provide figure legends describing what is shown. Figure Preparation (Cont’d)

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Anatomy of Figures (Graph)

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Anatomy of Figures (Chart)

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Graph Example: Frequency Histogram

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Graph Example: X-Y Scatter Plot

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Graph Example: X-Y Line Plot

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Scatter/Line Plot: Trend or Curve Fit

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Photograph Example: SEM

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Photograph Example: DC Picture (Before charging) (Charging by PV) (Fully charged)(Removal of PV)

LC Chen at BIME, NTU 0-35% AS 35-70% AS % AS Done by Tzeng FEB o Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation 2 o Anion Exchange Chromatography Photograph Example: Protein PAGE

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Daytime application: an IWECB- based window can be charged and colored by a photovoltaic cell (1) to store solar energy and (2) to attenuate solar irradiation. Nighttime application: an IWECB- based window can be discharged & bleached (1) to drive low-power devices and (2) to increase the illumination. Line Drawing: Schematic Illustration

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Line Drawing: Method and Theory

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Line Drawing: Experimental Setup

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Surface for TP immobilization Protein Aptamer Biotin Streptavidin (SA) Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) Unreacted Substrate Reacted Substrate Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) SA-Biotin interaction: K d ~ M = fM ~ ca. 260 pNt Typhoon scan / aptamer 5-fold dilution series Aptamer with nM affinity confirmed K d = 8 nM Combination of Figure Presentation

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Frequently Used Software Word PowerPoint CorelDraw Photoshop Excel Origin Grapher SigmaPlot Others…

LC Chen at BIME, NTU

同學在論文圖表製作過程中常見違反學術倫理而 不自覺的情事： 直接剪貼網路（ Internet ）或文獻（ PDF ）圖片， 但未經授權甚至未合理引用 （ cf. 原文引用） 製作漂亮數據或使用合成照片以滿足自己的結論 未重複實驗僅報導成功一次的數據

LC Chen at BIME, NTU Essence of Scientific Research A valuable thesis is based on the REPRODUCIBLE FACTS AND FIGURES and, the most importantly, YOUR OWN CREACTIONS, NOT NUMBER OF PAGES.