Science STAAR Review Forces and Motion Fossil Fuels Alternative Energy Weather

Forces and Motion Forces are… Push Pull Friction Gravity Magnetism Testing one variable: You may only change one variable during an experiment at a time. You must repeat trials to validate your experiment.

Force and Motion Forces can change the movement, shape, or position of objects. The effects of force can change, depending on the amount and type of force applied to the object

Fossil Fuels Sedimentary rock is formed over millions of years from the deposition of sediment in layers Fossil fuels are formed over millions of years from the deposition of organic materials in layers Fossil fuels are formed in sedimentary rock layers when materials are compressed and heated deep under the Earth’s surface Non-Renewable

Fossil Fuels Coal Formation - First, in ancient swamps, prehistoric plants and trees began to die. In the swamps, plant remains were covered with soil, layer upon layer. A thousand years of heat and pressure slowly turned these compacted, decayed plant layers (organic material rich in carbon) into peat. It took hundreds of millions of years more for heat and pressure deep within Earth to turn peat into coal

Fossil Fuels Oil and Gas Formation - A second type of sedimentary rock formation occurred at the bottom of ancient oceans and seas when tiny marine animals called “plankton” died, sank, and were covered with layers of sand. Millions of years of heat and pressure turned these organic marine remains into oil and natural gas trapped in layers of sedimentary rock.

Fossils Fossils are traces, or preserved parts, of organisms that lived in the past Fossil formation is not common. The conditions had to be perfect for a fossil to form.

Fossils Fossils can be used to interpret past events and environments. Models can be used to represent the passage of time and past organisms and environments.

Resources Renewable resources include air, plants, water, and animals, which are generally replaceable within a lifetime. Nonrenewable resources include coal, oil, and natural gas, which cannot be replaced within a lifetime. We should make responsible decisions to conserve both renewable and nonrenewable resources.

Alternative Energy Alternative energy resources rely on natural processes and can be used to produce energy. Alternative energy resources include wind Solar Hydroelectric Geothermal biofuels

Alternative Energy Wind Energy - Wind energy comes from changing the power of moving air into a useful form.

Alternative Energy Solar Energy - Solar panels produce electricity directly from sunlight.

Alternative Energy Hydroelectric Energy - The force of moving water from dammed up rivers, free flowing rivers, or ocean tides can provide unlimited hydroelectric power.

Alternative Energy Geothermal Energy - the heat is continuously produced inside Earth where magma deep underground heats overlying rocks and water, which creates hot spots.

Alternative Energy Biofuel Energy - Humans have burned wood for fuel for thousands of years. Modern technology can now convert other sources of “biomass,” organic material made from plants and animals, into usable sources of fuel.

Weather and Climate Weather refers to the daily environmental conditions we experience around us. Low-pressure- Bring stormy weather. High-pressure- Brings clear skies and fair weather. Cold Front- Blue Triangles Warm Front- Red Circles

Weather and Climate Climate refers to the average conditions in a place over a longer period of time. Long-term data averaged over 30 years Key Words for Climate Average Usually Typically Weather can be observed each day, whereas climate must be observed over time.

Earth’s Forces Large forces can change the Earth’s surface rapidly. volcanic eruptions Earthquakes landslides

Earth’s Forces Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes can cause rapid changes on Earths surface, such as creating new land, making cracks in the crust, or changing landforms.

Earth’s Forces Volcanoes erupt when magma reaches the surface as lava. Lava flows down the sides of the volcano and hardens.

Earth’s Forces When rough blocks of rock along plate boundaries move against each other and get stuck, pressure builds. Finally, the blocks move, which suddenly releases energy in the form of shaking vibrations called earthquakes.

Earth’s Forces Landslides occur where the earth collapses suddenly. This can be caused by seismic vibrations or when the earth has become too saturated with water and slumps downward.