Salmonella

Salmonellosis Microbe Name: Salmonella Associated Disease in Humans: Salmonellosis 1.Enteric Fever (Typhoid Fever) – bacterial invasion of the blood stream 2.Acute Gastroenteritis – food borne infection

Bacterial Structure and Classification Rod-shaped (Bacillus) Gram-negative Family: Enterobacteriaceae Species: Enterica S. Enteritidis belongs to the species of S. Enterica. Facultative anaerobe – can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions Replicate through binary fission

Salmonella serotype Enteritidis Salmonella serotype Enteritidis (SE) is one of the most common serotypes of pathogenic Salmonella bacteria. Enteritidis is enteric and infects the small intestine, rather than the whole body.

Method of Infection Enteric strains are food borne and must be ingested Once in the small intestine, salmonella causes inflammation of the epithelial layer by entering epithelial cells and releasing an enterotoxin (endotoxin).

Method of Infection (cont.)

Salmonella Antigens Three kinds of antigens: 1.Somatic (O) are Cell Wall Antigens 2.Surface (Envelope) Antigens 3.Flagellar (H) Antigens – Different flagellar antigens give patterns of agglutination (with bacteria loosely attached to each other using their flagella). Also, antiflagellar antibodies can immobilize bacteria with corresponding H antigens.

Discovery of Salmonella 1880s: Bacillus bacteria causing typhoid fever was first observed by Eberth. 1884: Gaffky, one of Koch’s assistants, cultured Salmonella typhi 1885: Dr. Daniel Salmon identified the first specific strain 1896: Serodiagnosis of typhoid was made possible Named “Salmonella” in 1990 after Dr. Daniel Salmon

Symptoms Fever Abdominal Cramps/Pain Vomiting and nausea Diarrhea – Electrolyte deficiency – Dehydration Remaining Complications Spread throughout the body Reactive Arthritis Mortality Rate: Enteritidis - 3.6% mortality

Modes of Transmission Salmonella Enteritidis is zoonotic. Salmonella bacteria live in the intestinal tracts of warm and cold blooded animals. Some species infect a specific host, but some are ubiquitous (can infect other hosts). S. Enteritidis can establish an infection in animals that isn’t apparent  animal carriers  contaminated food

Common Sources of SE Infection Most common: Poultry Less frequent: raw milk pork beef sprouts raw almonds. Non-Food Sources: International travel and contact with reptiles have also been associated with SE infection.

Geography and Endemic Areas

Trends in the United States Salmonella was emerging in the U.S. in the 1980’s and 90’s and now commonly occurs in most regions of the country.

Recent Outbreaks 1994 – Ice Cream – Raw Tomato – Peanut Butter 2012 – Raw Tuna

Raw Tomato Outbreak Peanut Butter Outbreak

Drug Resistance in Salmonella Some of the serotypes of Salmonella are thought to have originated due to drugs used on chickens to prevent them from illness

Current Prevention Efforts Surveillance – organizations trace the source of outbreaks to isolate and study them Monitoring of food animals – Government agencies and food industries take steps to identify and remove infected animals. Pasteurization Researching a vaccine (Antibacterial Drugs)

How can you prevent infection? Keep food like eggs refrigerated Wash hands often when cooking so that cross-contamination does not occur. Thoroughly cook food

S.E.A.R. Salmonella Enteritidis Awareness Raising Education is perhaps the most effective method of prevention is raising awareness If people cook contaminated food adequately, they still won’t get infected because cooking kills the bacteria.

Sources Bad Bug Book. Fda.gov. FDA. Web. 24 May "C-EnterNet 2007 Annual Report." C-EnterNet Annual Report Web. 24 May "Daniel Elmer Salmon." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 05 June Web. 24 May "Defending against Infection." BBC News. BBC. Web. 25 May "Emerging Infectious Diseases Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis Associated with Nationally Distributed Ice Cream Products -- Minnesota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin, 1994." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web. 25 May "Foodborne Diseases, Emerging." WHO. World Health Organization. Web. 24 May "Multistate Outbreaks of Salmonella Infections Associated with Raw Tomatoes Eaten in Restaurants --- United States, " Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 5 Sept Web. 22 May "Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Tennessee Infections Associated with Peanut Butter --- United States, " Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30 May Web. 22 May "National Salmonella Surveillance Overview." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web. 24 May

Sources (cont.) "Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Newport --- United States, January--April 2002." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web. 24 May "Salmonella." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 May Web. 18 May "Salmonella Enteritidis." Cdph.ca.gov. State of California Department of Health Services, Sept Web. 18 May "Salmonella - General Information - Technical Information." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 05 Apr Web. 24 May "Salmonella Serotype Enteritidis." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 23 Nov Web. 18 May "Salmonella - Surveillance." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 09 Apr Web. 24 May "Salmonellosis." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., Web. 18 May "Timeline of Events: Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Bareilly and Salmonella Nchanga Infections Associated with a Raw Scraped Ground Tuna Product -- United States, 2012." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 17 May Web. 24 May Todar, Kenneth. "Salmonella and Salmonellosis." Salmonella and Salmonellosis. Web. 24 May Todar, Kenneth. "Salmonella and Salmonellosis." Salmonella and Salmonellosis. Web. 24 May