RACIAL DISCRIMINATION THE AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT THE APARTHEID SYSTEM IN SOUTH AFRICA THE HOLOCAUST

RACISM: attitude that subordinates an individual or a group because of their skin colour or racial origin Individual Institutional Procedures in all sectors: Education Housing Employment Religion media

INSTITUTIONAL RACISM TO PERPETUATE AND MAINTAIN POWER OF one group over another group

How is power obtained from the prevailing group? EXPLOITATION AND OPPRESSION POWER

HOW IS EXPLOITATION JUSTIFIED? DEHUMANIZING THE OTHER GROUP INFERIOR It is right to persecute it (hate, kill, enslave)

How is racial superiority made credible? a science was introduced Some people are genetically superior to others

APARTHEID the state of being apart 1948 Idea transformed in a legislative system National Party won the general elections First use with a political meaning

Two manifestations of apartheid 1. Separation of the whites from the blacks in the areas inhabited by both 2. Introduction of bantustans: semi- independent territories where the blacks were forced to live

South African population 80% of people were black or of mixed races. 20% of people were descendants of former British colonisers and afrikaners (the majority of the whites)

South African population 80% of people were black or of mixed races. 20% of people were descendants of former British colonisers and afrikaners (the majority of the whites)

South African population 80% of people were black or of mixed races 20% of people were descendants of former British colonisers and afrikaners (the majority of the whites) in favour of a racist policy more tolerant

GRADUAL INTRODUCTION OF APARTHEID 1923 First elements of racial segregation World War 2 Afrikaners influenced by nazism completed the project of apartheid Give various racial groups the possibility to lead their own social development according to their own traditions

1956 : apartheid was extended to coloured citizens (Asian included) 1960’s : 3,5 millions of black africans were evicted from their homes and deported to homelands black and white as well organized protests which were brutally repressed by the Government forces 1990’s President Frederick Willelm de Klerke began negotioation tyo end apartheid culminating in multiracial democratic elections in : elections were won by African National Congress under Nelson Mandela END OF APARTHEID IS WIDELY REGARDED AS ARISING FROM THE 1994 DEMOCRATIC GENERAL ELECTIONS

END OF APARTHEID IS WIDELY REGARDED AS ARISING FROM THE 1994 DEMOCRATIC GENERAL ELECTIONS

THE HOLOCAUST started in the post-war period when the Nazi party grew to become the most powerful party in Germany gradually developed over time and implemented in every territory in Germany

Antisemitism: a major component in Nazi ideology Jews = subhumans, parasites destruction of the world elimination

Jews had left Palestine in the 1st century They had taken up the nationality of the country they grew up in. They had lived in Europe for 2,000 years. They had met with racist hostility and persecution.

End of 19th century they wanted to emigrate to Palestine (home of the Arab Palestinians) Complications 1920’s anti-Semitism from the Nazi Party 1933: Adolf Hitler came to power and gradually passed laws depriving them of their human rights after 1939: Nazis organised a systematic programme to deprive them of their lives PC: extermination through death squads

1930’s many Jews escaped from Germany and looked for refuge abroad Kindly received at first but as war approached many countries were reluctant to take them immigration was difficult

THE MOST EXTREME PHASE OF ANTI-JEWISH POLICY 1941: attack on the Soviet Union conceived as a battle against Bolshevism. Einsatzgruppen assisted by reserve battalions of the German police gathered Jews and shot them annihilated entire communities in eastern parts of Europe

German Jews the first to be deported October 1941 to concentration camps in Poland Lodzo, Warsaw In Soviet territories: Riga, Kovno, Minsk Gypsies and Soviet prisoners of war were murdered in concentration camps as well