Workshop 3. Agriculture, biodiversity & protection of nature Christine Jakobsson, The Baltic University Programme, Uppsala University, Sweden A Sustainable Baltic Region Teachers Conference, Dec. 8-12, 2004

A Sustainable Baltic Region Session 4. Food and Fibres Sustainable agriculture, forestry and fishery Chapters 1.Land & Productivity-Can the Baltic Region feed us all? 2.The changing face of Agriculture- Land use and farm structure 3.Agricultural production in the Baltic Basin 4.Agriculture in North-West Russia 5.Agriculture and the environment 6.Approaches to Sustainable Agriculture I- Ecological farming 7.Approaches to Sustainable Agriculture II- Good Agricultural Practice 8.Sustainable Forestry 9.Fish and Fish Catches

A Sustainable Baltic Region Session 4. Food and Fibres Sustainable agriculture, forestry and fishery Update necessary: Statistics EU membership Legislation and Policy e.g. Nitrate Directive, Water Framework Directive Use Baltic 21 Agriculture, Forestry & Fishery Sector action programme as examples

Goals for sustainable agriculture Agriculture contributes significantly to the society of the future. Sustainable agriculture is the production of high quality food & other agricultural products / services in the long run with consideration taken to economy & social structure, in such a way that the resource base of non-renewable & renewable resources is maintained. Important sub-goals are: farmers incomesufficient to provide a fair standard of living 1. the farmers income should be sufficient to provide a fair standard of living in the agricultural community practise production methods which do not threaten human or animal health or degrade the environment 2. the farmers should practise production methods which do not threaten human or animal health or degrade the environment including biodiversity & at the same time minimise the environmental responsibilities that future generations must assume non-renewable resourcesreplaced by renewable resourcesrecirculation 3. non-renewable resources have to gradually be replaced by renewable resources & that recirculation of non-renewable resources is maximised food & recreation preserve the landscape, cultural values & the historical heritage of rural areasstable well developed & secure rural communities 4. sustainable agriculture will meet societies needs of food & recreation & preserve the landscape, cultural values & the historical heritage of rural areas & contribute to create stable well developed & secure rural communities ethical aspects of agricultural production 5. the ethical aspects of agricultural production are secured

C. Jakobsson 1/985 Baltic 21-Agriculture Action programme, some ideas How to do it 1. Elaborate and implement legislation 2. Create a network of functioning demonstration farms and watersheds 3. Work with institutional strengthening (applied research, field trials, demonstrations) to create adequate education for farmers, agricultural students and extension workers as well as developing extension service. Diplomas. 4. Develop support (knowledge, financial) to the countries in transition 5. Elaborate and implement monitoring systems and elaborate the proposed indicators further. 6. Develop new production alternatives for arable land that give employment

C. Jakobsson 1/986 Actions to sustainable agriculture Baltic 21-Agriculture Action programme Actions to sustainable agriculture Promotion and implementation of already existing tools or tools under preparation 1. ANNEX III to the Helsinki convention 1. ANNEX III to the Helsinki convention ”Prevention of pollution from agriculture” 2. EU directives, regulations etc. * Nitrate directive * Maastricht Treaty * Sewage sludge * Amsterdam Treaty * Organic farming * Agenda 2000 * Water Framework * CAP * Placing of plant protection products on the market * Protection of the environment and maintenance of the countryside *IPPC Directive * 5th Environmental Action Program etc.

C. Jakobsson 1/987 Actions to sustainable agriculture Baltic 21-Agriculture Action programme Actions to sustainable agriculture Promotion and implementation of already existing tools or tools under preparation cont….. 3. National Codes of Good Agricultural Practice EU nitrate directive HELCOM 4. National legislation

C. Jakobsson 1/988 Part 1. Programmes for sustainable agriculture Baltic 21-Agriculture Action programme Part 1. Programmes for sustainable agriculture 1. Programmes to reduce the nutrient losses from 1. Programmes to reduce the nutrient losses from agriculture agriculture 2. Programmes to reduce the risks connected with the use of 2. Programmes to reduce the risks connected with the use of plant protection products plant protection products 3. Programmes to protect ground and surface water for 3. Programmes to protect ground and surface water for drinking water purposes in agricultural areas 4. Programmes to preserve agricultural productivity for 4. Programmes to preserve agricultural productivity for production of high quality food and feed production of high quality food and feed

C. Jakobsson 1/989 Part 1. Programmes for sustainable agriculture Baltic 21-Agriculture Action programme Part 1. Programmes for sustainable agriculture 5. Programmes to maintain and develop biodiversity 5. Programmes to maintain and develop biodiversity 6. Programmes to reduce the use of growth promoters 6. Programmes to reduce the use of growth promoters and antibiotics in agriculture and to promote animal health and antibiotics in agriculture and to promote animal health 7. Programmes to develop rural infra-structure and 7. Programmes to develop rural infra-structure and to promote a high quality of life in rural areas to promote a high quality of life in rural areas 8. Programmes to promote the development of new 8. Programmes to promote the development of new production alternatives for arable land 9. Other measures for sustainable development in 9. Other measures for sustainable development inagriculture

Baltic Regional Co-operation for Sustainable Development Baltic 21 - An Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region Baltic Regional Co-operation for Sustainable Development Baltic 21 - An Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region Agriculture Sector action programmefocuses on Agriculture Sector action programme focuses on sustainable structuresBuilding sustainable structures Improving the viability of agricultureImproving the viability of agriculture in the region environmental, biodiversity, landscape, cultural heritage, social and economic issuesstrengthening farm management with respect to environmental, biodiversity, landscape, cultural heritage, social and economic issues. comprehensive set of programmes designed to strengthen and promote sustainable agriculture reducing nutrient lossesuse of growth promotersprotect drinking waterpreserve productivity maintaining biodiversitypromoting animal healthdeveloping rural infrastructureThe proposed actions support a comprehensive set of programmes designed to strengthen and promote sustainable agriculture in the BSR. Those programmes aim at reducing nutrient losses and the use of growth promoters, to protect drinking water and preserve productivity, as well as maintaining biodiversity and rural landscapes, promoting animal health, developing rural infrastructure and other key issues. demonstration watersheds with training/educational programmes.Create demonstration watersheds with training/educational programmes. Improve agro-environmental legislationImprove agro-environmental legislation

Baltic Regional Co-operation for Sustainable Development Baltic 21 - An Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region Baltic Regional Co-operation for Sustainable Development Baltic 21 - An Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region The Agriculture Sector priority actions:  Education and training demonstration watersheds with demonstration farms  Create demonstration watersheds with demonstration farms in a network in the different countries (part of joint action 3) ”Virtual Research Institute”  Develop a ”Virtual Research Institute” for sustainable agriculture based on the already existing NOVABOVA in the Baltic Sea Region. agro-environmental legislation and policies  Elaborate and implement agro-environmental legislation and policies

Baltic 21 Agriculture Sector Programme 1. Programmes to reduce the nutrient losses from agriculture Already existing tools or tools under preparation ·According to the HELCOM Annex III ·Livestock density ·Storage of slurry, urine and solid manure ·Agricultural waste water and silage effluents ·Application of organic manures ·Application rates for nutrients ·Winter crop cover ·Water protection measures and nutrient reduction areas · According to EU’s nitrate directive (91/676/EEC) ·establishing vulnerable zones ·establishing action programmes ·monitoring of waters

Already existing tools or tools under preparation cont. ·According to EU’s regulation on protection of the environment and maintenance of the countryside (No 2078/92) ·farm practices compatible with protection of the environment and natural resources ·reductions in use of fertilisers and in farm livestock ·an environmentally favourable extensification of farming ·Code of Good Agricultural Practice ·National legislation Baltic 21 Agriculture Sector Programme 1. Programmes to reduce the nutrient losses from agriculture

Proposed new elements Nutrients –The use of the nutrients on the farms should be as efficient as possible, which should in many cases lead to reduced inputs. –Nutrient balances should be used to promote an efficient use of nutrients Phosphorus · The available phosphorus content of arable topsoils should not exceed the requirements of an acceptable crop production. ·The annual phosphorus input should be calculated in relation to: the phosphorus content in the topsoil of the field and the crops requirements ·The phosphorus input should be of the same size as the phosphorus removed ·Need for good monitoring data on the phosphorus status of arable land and nutrient balances to show if the supply of phosphorus in the soils increases or is depleted

Baltic 21 Agriculture Sector Programme 1. Programmes to reduce the nutrient losses from agriculture Proposed new elements · Crop and animal production should be more integrated in all countries. ·Farm size: very large non-sustainable animal holdings should reduce the number of livestock or be split up into smaller, more evenly distributed animal holdings to reduce the negative environmental impact and to improve the recirculation of plant nutrients from manure. ·Choose crops, crop variety and crop rotations for a minimum need of soil cultivation to reduce nitrogen mineralisation ·The farmers should take environmental considerations when removing land from food production in a situation of excess agricultural land for food production: ·soils poor in phosphorus ·organic soils from previously drained wetlands ·soils sensitive to erosion ·soils sensitive to nitrate leaching · Promote the development and implementation of new technology that can reduce the losses of nutrients, such as site specific crop management

Non-sustainable issues of present day agriculture Baltic 21 Agriculture Sector Non-sustainable issues of present day agriculture Production · Contaminants and residues in food · Unfavourable market conditions for agricultural production Excessive livestock density Natural resources · Dependence on fossil energy ·Low efficiency of energy use in agricultural production ·Dependence on non-renewable phosphorus deposits ·Lack of water and of high water quality ·Nutrient losses (N and P) to the environment ·Decrease in soil fertility (acidification, carbon content, nutrient status, structure, compaction, salinisation) ·Erosion ·Pesticide residues in soil, water and non-target organisms ·Accumulation of heavy metals and nuclides ·Soil contamination with persistent organic and inorganic substances ·Loss of biodiversity and genetic resources ·Air pollution (NH 3, CH 4, N 2 O, pesticides)

Non-sustainable issues of present day agriculture Baltic 21 Agriculture Sector Non-sustainable issues of present day agriculture Human and animal welfare ·Occupational threats to farmers and consumers health ·Dependence on growth promoters and antibiotics in animal production ·Unfavourable animal welfare and threats to animal health Socio-economic criteria ·Unfavourable economical profitability of farming ·Lack of food security and food production security ·Unfavourable social infra-structure in rural areas ·Lack of preservation of nature and historical values ·Urbanisation Competence- Education ·Lack of education, information and management skill

Baltic 21 - Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region GOAL FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfil, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions does not cause damage to other ecosystems The stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfil, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions, at local, national, and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems. Criteria for sustainable forest management are:  Maintenance and appropriate enhancement of forest resources and their contribution to global carbon cycles  Maintenance and appropriate enhancement of forest resources and their contribution to global carbon cycles. health and vitality  Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality.  Maintenance and encouragement of productive functions of forests (wood and non-wood).  Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.  Maintenance and appropriate enhancement of protective functions in forest management (notably soil and water). socio-economic functions and conditions  Maintenance of other socio-economic functions and conditions.

Baltic 21 - Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region The focus of the forests action programme is on further development of sustainable forests in regional co-operation education and exchange projects, model projects, market tools, public awareness campaigns, publications, research and development projects and seminars on further development of sustainable forests in regional co-operation between the countries at various levels. The programme builds on, i.a. education and exchange projects, model projects, market tools, public awareness campaigns, publications, research and development projects and seminars with the view of development of forest policies and forest management practices towards sustainability.

Baltic 21 - Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region The Forests Sectors priority actions 1. Promotion of sustainable forest management and efficiency in private forestry within the Baltic Sea region through: existing organisational structures or networks of forest owners and leasers of forests. exchange of information on ways and means of advisory services between organisations and authorities that advise forest owners and managers. 2. Gap analysis on protected forest areas

Baltic 21 - Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region The Forests Sectors priority actions cont. 3. Promotion of the use of wood, and wood based products, as natural renewable resource and environmentally friendly material, and changing of consumption patterns in a more sustainable direction 4. Demonstration areas with sustainable forest management 5. Regional groups to develop and promote the use of wood-based energy 6. Exchange of information and national experiences on Critera and Indicators for sustainable forest management

Baltic 21 - An Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region GOAL FOR SUSTAINABLE FISHERY high probability of fish stocks being able to replenish themselves over a long period of time within a sound ecosystem is assured stable economic and social conditions Sustainable fishery is achieved when a high probability of fish stocks being able to replenish themselves over a long period of time within a sound ecosystem is assured, while offering stable economic and social conditions for all those involved in the fishing activity. The goal for achieving sustainable development of fisheries in the Baltic Sea area thus means development of economically and socially sustainable, environmentally safe and responsible fisheries by: Maintaining biological viable fish stocks, the marine and aquatic environment and associated biodiversity * Maintaining biological viable fish stocks, the marine and aquatic environment and associated biodiversity. establish maximum fishing possibilities and appropriate selective fishing techniques for harvesting stocks * Within these limits, establish maximum fishing possibilities and appropriate selective fishing techniques for harvesting stocks. Distributebenefits of open sea and coastal fishery resources between local communities * Distribute the direct and indirect benefits of open sea and coastal fishery resources between local communities in an equitable manner.

Baltic 21 - An Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region The Fisheries Sectors priority actions Developing long term strategies for major fish stocks FI 1: Developing long term strategies for major fish stocks: Cod, Salmon, Herring and Sprat Cod A. “Baltic Cod Strategy Plan” Salmon B. “IBSFC Salmon Action Plan ” Pelagic Species C. “Long term strategy for Pelagic Species” Restoration of habitats important to fish and fisheries in inland waters FI 2: Restoration of habitats important to fish and fisheries in inland waters sustainable aquaculture FI 3: Achieving sustainable aquaculture

Agenda for workshop 3. Agriculture, biodiversity & protection of nature 1.Introduction (short presentation of the participants – how long they have been teaching the course, what is the status of the course at their home universities, etc., appointment of 1 person to take minutes & 1 to give a report from the group) 2. Teaching methods a) lectures, seminars, group work, individual studies, trips, visiting teachers – what is recommended (and to which topics)? b) “demanding” parts of the material from the particular field of interest – what parts are especially complicated/problematic – why?, how to solve these problems? c) tasks for the students, topics for student seminars & written assignments d) what is new in the particular field of interest? What is missing in the current version? Updating information in relation to e.g. the ”Environmental Science” book. Another target students group? 3. Additional materials for the teachers – what are the teachers needs in relation to that? 4. Additional literature for the students – proposals 5. Vision of development of the new course (new elements?, new materials?, new booklets?, use of modern technologies? using of webpage) 6. Practical use of the course – can the teachers and the students benefit from it professionally? 7. Questions to the mentor of the course &/or BUP Uppsala