I.Matter: a.Anything that has mass and volume Mass – amount of matter Volume – how much space it occupies Weight?  pull of gravity b.Characteristics: 1.Physical Properties – mass, volume, color, odor, shape, texture, taste, hardness, melting point, boiling point, phase (solid, liquid, gas) 2.Chemical Properties – describe a substances ability to change into a new substance as a result of a chemical change

Physical Reaction / Chemical Reaction? Physical Reaction / Chemical Reaction?

Aluminum foil is cut in half Milk goes sour Gasoline is ignited Clay is molded into a new shape Butter melts on warm toast You take an antacid to settle your stomach Water evaporates from the surface of the ocean Rust forms on a nail left outside A juice box in the freezer freezes Rubbing alcohol evaporates on your hand Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical

c.Atoms – smallest unit of matter Protons – positively charged particles Neutrons – no charge Electrons – negatively charged particles

Atomic number - # of protons Atomic mass - # of protons + neutrons

d.Chemical Elements: Made up of 1 type of atom e.Isotopes Have same #’s of protons and electrons, but differ in # of neutrons f.Radioactive Isotopes Can be good or bad Age of fossils – C14 Medically – diagnose & treat Radiation given off can damage molecules/DNA

g.Compounds and molecules: Made up of 2 or more elements h.Ionic and covalent bonding Ionic - Give and take of electrons ( Na Cl )

Covalent – Sharing of electrons

h.Chemical Reactions Anytime a chemical bond is formed or broken a reaction occurs: Reactant + Reactant = Product Na + Cl = NaCl i.Structural Formulas Shows arrangement of elements in a compound

j.Elements that make up the human body Protons (P + N) 6P 6N 1P 0N 8P 8N 7P 7N

Colored Pencils: Color elements at top of page, then color amount of that element found in a shrub and a rabbit Hydrogen: White Oxygen: Blue *Carbon: Black Nitrogen: Red Phosphorus: Green Calcium: Purple

Element Atomic Number (# of P) Mass Number (P+N) Number of Protons (+) Number of Neutrons (mass # - protons) Number of Electrons (-) Ion, or Neutral Atom Aluminum (Al) Neutral atom Bromine (Br) Carbon (C) 666 Carbon (C) 6146 Isotope : different # of P & N Ion : a charged particle P ≠ E Neutral Atom : P = E Same! Ion (-) 6 12Neutral atom

Element Atomic Number (# of P) Mass Number (P+N) Number of Protons (+) Number of Neutrons (mass # - protons) Number of Electrons (-) Isotopes, Ion, or Neutral Atom Helium (He) 242Neutral atom Hydrogen (H) 111Neutral atom Hydrogen (H) 110 Lithium (Li) 372 Isotope – different # of P & N Ion – a charged particle P ≠ E Neutral Atom – P = E Same!

Element Atomic Number (# of P) Mass Number (P+N) Number of Protons (+) Number of Neutrons (mass # - protons) Number of Electrons (-) Isotopes, Ion, or Neutral Atom Nitrogen (N) 14Neutral Atom Oxygen (O) 1888 Oxygen (O) 8166 Potassium (K) 3919Neutral Atom Isotope – different # of P & N Ion – a charged particle P ≠ E Neutral Atom – P = E Same!

II.Water  H 2 O a.Polarity Means a “relation between two opposite attributes or tendencies” With 8 Protons in its nucleus, an oxygen atom has a much stronger attraction for electrons than does the hydrogen atom with a single proton in its nucleus. Movie link

A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Because of their partial positive and negative charges, polar molecules such as water can attract each other

b.Cohesion – an attraction between molecules of the same substance. Strong attraction between water molecules produces surface tension

Cohesion at work!

c.Adhesion – an attraction between molecules of different substances.

 Water is often found as a mixture d.Mixture – material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together, but not chemically combined. Two types of mixtures that can be made with water: 1.Solutions 2.Suspensions

i.Solution: 1.Mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed. Solute – Dissolved matter in a solution (thing being dissolved) Solvent – does the dissolving ***Water is the universal solvent

ii.Suspensions A mixture of water and non- dissolved materials Ex. blood

III.Acids, Bases and pH H2OH2O H+H+ OH - water Hydrogen ion Hydroxide ion + +

a.Acids Any compound that forms H+ ions in solution Higher concentrations of H+ ions than water Have pH values below 7 b.Bases Any compound that forms OH- ions in solution Lower concentrations of H+ ions than water Have pH values above 7

c.pH Scale:

IV.Buffers: Chemical substances made by the body to regulate pH Keeps blood at pH 7.4

Name: Date: Block: Pre-Lab Questions: Fruit Spoilage pH Lab Data Table: Questions: Conclusion: LiquidpHAppearance after 10 min Appearance after 24 hours Air Lemon Juice Sprite Water Milk of Magnesia Baking Soda