MACROMOLECULES AKA ORGANIC MOLECULES copyright cmassengale1

Organic Compounds Although a cell is mostly water (70%), the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon- based molecules. CompoundsCARBON ORGANIC Compounds that contain CARBON are called ORGANIC. Macromoleculesorganic molecules Macromolecules are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale2 Macro = “giant” Macro = “giant”

Carbon (C) Carboncovalent bonds 4 Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O, N, P, S Usually with C, H, O, N, P, S. 3 CH 4 (methane)

Carbon is versatile Carbon atoms can easily bond to other atoms in chains… in rings… to form large complex molecules. copyright cmassengale4

Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Large organic molecules. POLYMERS Also called POLYMERS. MONOMERS Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. These 4 Types of Macromolecules are essential for LIFE! 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) (DNA and RNA) 5

Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed? copyright cmassengale6

Answer: Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration = removing water Synthesis = building “condensation reaction” Also called “condensation reaction” polymers monomers“REMOVING WATER” BUILDS polymers by combining monomers by “REMOVING WATER”. 7 HOH HH H2OH2O

Building Macromolecules Formed by a process called monomers polymers 8 Image polymerization

POLYMERIZATION

Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested? copyright cmassengale10

Answer: Hydrolysis Hydro = water Lysis = breaking polymers“ADDING WATER” BREAKING polymers by “ADDING WATER” copyright cmassengale11 HO HH H H2OH2O

Concept Check copyright cmassengale12 Answer the following questions on a sheet of paper in complete sentences. Write the question. Turn in when you are finished. 1)What is a macromolecule? 2)What are the 4 types of macromolecules? 3)What is dehydration synthesis? 4)What is hydrolysis? 5)What are the six most common elements found in living things?

Carbohydrates copyright cmassengale13 Glucose (sports drink) Fructose (fruit) Galactose “ milk sugar”

Carbohydrates Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar molecules Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Elements: Elements: – Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple sugar) Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple sugar) Examples: Examples: A.monosaccharide – one simple sugar unit B.disaccharide – two sugar units C.polysaccharide – many sugar units “complex sugars” 14

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16 Carbohydrates Function Organisms use carbohydrates as a primary source of (fuel) energy Plants use carbohydrates for structural support

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:Glucose ( Examples:Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )GalactoseFructoseDeoxyribose 17 glucose Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas CH 2 O or 1:2:1 ratio

Disaccharides Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: Sucrose Sucrose Lactose Lactose Maltose Maltose copyright cmassengale18

Polysaccharides Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) copyright cmassengale19 glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

PLANT STARCH Amylose = surplus glucose storage in chloroplasts Cellulose = structural glucose that forms the cell wall in plant cells copyright cmassengale20

ANIMAL STARCH Glycogen = storage starch for an organisms supply of glucose Glygogen is highly branched, many strands Animals store glycogen a one – day supply of glycogen in the liver and muscles Chitin = starch that forms the exoskeleton of arthropods and insects Chitin also forms the cell walls of various fungi 21

Building Carbohydrates 1.NAME your molecule (i.e. Bisharose) 2.You will first work in pairs a)One partner will cut off JUST the “H” from one molecule b)One partner will cut off JUST the “OH” from another molecule c)Glue/tape the sugar molecules together d)Add water drop to show DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS e)Glue the H and the OH you removed from your molecules to the water drop 3.CREATE a large polysaccharide by joining everyone’s molecules together.

Lipids copyright cmassengale24

Lipids (Fats) 25 Elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) Lipids are Non-Polar (remember that water is polar) Lipids are hydrophobic – “water fearing” Monomer: Fatty acids FAT MOLECULE

Lipids Remember:“stores the most energy” Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples: Examples: 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids (found in cell membrane) 3. Oils 4. Waxes 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides 26

Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage** **1. Long term energy storage** **2. Protection against heat loss (insulation)** 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale27

Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. 28 H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = Organic Alcohol (-OL ending)

Fatty Acids fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) copyright cmassengale29 O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated

Which is which? copyright cmassengale30

Polyunsaturated Fat Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds – Each time a double bond is encountered, the molecule "Bends" slightly, resulting in a lower density of the lipid. This makes the molecule more likely to remain liquid at room or body temperatures. And thus, less likely to clog cardiac arteries. copyright cmassengale31

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Building Lipids 1.Cut out three drops of water 2.Identify your Glycerol (pink) and your Fatty Acids (yellow) 3.JOIN your fatty acid molecules with your glycerol a)Cut off the JUST the OH from your glycerol (one at a time!) b)Cut off the H from one fatty acid c)Glue the glycerol and fatty acid together d)Add a water drop to show DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS e)Glue the H and the OH you removed from your molecules to the water drop 4.CREATE a Triglyceride by adding the other two fatty acids to your glycerol molecule

Nucleic Acids copyright cmassengale34

Nucleic acids Elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) Elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) Monomer: Nucleotide - phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base Monomer: Nucleotide - phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base copyright cmassengale35 Nitrogenous Base Sugar Phosphate

Nucleic Acids Functions: Store genetic information (what you inherit from your parents)

Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Nucleic Acids DNA uses FOUR nitrogenous bases: – Adenine (A) – Cytosine (C) – Thymine (T) – Guanine (G)

DNA - double helix copyright cmassengale39 P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA

Proteins copyright cmassengale40

Proteins (Polypeptides) peptide bonds polypeptides Monomer: Amino Acid - (20 different kinds) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Elements: C, H, O, N, P, S Functions of proteins: Functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions 41

Examples of Proteins 42 Structural (hair) also cell membranes Movement (muscles) Defense (antibodies) Transport (Hemoglobin) Enzymes (cell regulation)

AMINO ACIDS copyright cmassengale43 Amino Acid - 3 parts

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_______ Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Long chains of amino acids connected together by peptide bonds Peptide Bond

Proteins copyright cmassengale46 Types Dipeptide – 2 amino acids Tripeptide – 3 amino acids Polypeptide – many amino acids

Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure (1 o ) B.Secondary Structure (2 o ) C.Tertiary Structure (3 o ) D.Quaternary Structure (4 o ) copyright cmassengale47

Primary Structure peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) copyright cmassengale48 aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

Secondary Structure primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples: Two examples: copyright cmassengale49 Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds

Tertiary Structure Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangement Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) “subunit”. Call a “subunit”. copyright cmassengale50 Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet

Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments enzymes (hemoglobin) Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) copyright cmassengale51 subunits

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Proteins Proteins fold to make a specific shape – that structure causes the protein’s function!!

Review copyright cmassengale54