Structure of Matter Atomic Structure – 3 basic parts Protons (+) and neutrons (0) – In the nucleus – Atomic #=# of protons Electrons (-) – Orbit around the center – Each element has a different # of electron – # of electrons determines how different elements will interact

Structure of Matter cont. Combining atoms – Compounds are formed by combining two or more different elements – Compounds have properties that are different from the individual elements

Gases, Liquids and Solids Gases: Have crazy amounts of energy because the molecules have so much space amongst them to move around Liquids: Have some energy because atoms have some room to move around Solids: Have barely any energy because the atoms are so compact (squished together); usually form some sort of pattern, like a crystal.

Phase Changes: Molecules can change phases by increasing or decreasing the amounts of energy. Say the picture to the right is water. How can Energy change water from vapor to liquid to Ice??? Here’s a mind-bender: What is Jello?, a gas, liquid or solid? What tests could you do to tell?

If you jumped out of an airplane, why is it nice to fall through the air instead of landing on the land or on water? In solids the atoms are closely locked in position and can only vibrate; in liquids the atoms and molecules are more loosely connected and can collide with and move past one another; and in gases the atoms and molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently.

Reactions Reactions=atoms rearranged into different combinations of molecules – reactants->products – Product has different properties than reactants Conservation of matter – Matter of reactants=matter of products – # of atoms in reactants=# of atoms in products Heat – Either consumed or released during reactions Physical process ≠ chemical reaction – Freezing, boiling

Reactions cont. Classify by composition – Pure Substances Element Compound – Mixture Homogenous – Solution Heterogeneous

Reactions cont. Definitions – Element=the basic chemical building blocks of matter. Ex: C (Carbon) – Compound=formed when two or more atoms join together chemically, with covalent or ionic bonds. Ex: HCl – Mixture=two or more substances that are combined but each substance retains its own chemical identity. a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically united and do not exist in fixed proportions to each other. Most natural substances are mixtures. Ex: HCL in water Ex: Flour and sugar together – Solution=a homogeneous (same uniform appearance and composition throughout) mixture of two or more substances. A solution may exist in any phase. Ex: Brass (solid solution)

Reactions cont. pH – 1-6 =acidic – 7 =neutral – 8-14 =basic

Life Science Living organisms (organic) made of molecules with: – Carbon!!!!! Can combine with itself and other elements – Carbon chains are common – Living things are made of Carbon combined with either: Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur Living organisms are made of a variety of different molecules – Small to large ones – Small Water and salt – Large Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, DNA

Life Science Cont. Organization – Atoms (building block of matter) – Molecules – Organelle – Cells (building block of life) – Tissues – Organs – Organ system – Organism

Periodic Table of Elements It’s all about understanding patterns and similarities of elements that kick it with each other, near each other. Hydrogen (H) don’t kick it with no-one. He’s a freak!

Columns going down (FAMILIES OR GROUPS they’re called) have the same number of electrons, The same reactivity levels, and have similar properties (like Li and Na are both soft metals and Conduct electricity well. What family traits do you think He and NE have in common??

Periods (read horizontally) increase in atomic mass. The mass gets bigger as you go on (read the table like a book to go bigger and bigger in mass)

Each element’s meaning: Atomic number means number of protons Atomic Mass: All the stuff inside an Atom combined (proton, electron, Neutron) and its possible isotopes. Element Symbol: C stands for Carbon (warning: Be careful of the Latin abbreviations

Where are the major groups on the periodic Table? NOBLEGASESNOBLEGASES

Isotopes ISOTOPES Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons; the different possible versions of each element are called isotopes. For example, the most common isotope of hydrogen has no neutrons at all; there's also a hydrogen isotope called deuterium, with one neutron, and another, tritium, with two neutrons.