The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Chpt. 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

Macromolecules Macromolecules (large molecules):  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids Polymers ( many parts) constructed of Monomers

Connecting Monomers- Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule

Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule

Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction  joining monomers  loss of water molecule Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule

Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction  joining monomers  loss of water molecule Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule

Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction  this takes energy Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule (reaction occurs b/c of enzymes)

Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule Breaking apart polymers

Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule Breaking apart polymers Hydrolysis- (break w/ water)  Adding water molecule

Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule Breaking apart polymers Hydrolysis- (break w/ water)  Adding water molecule

Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule Breaking apart polymers Hydrolysis- (break w/ water)  Adding water molecule

Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule Breaking apart polymers Hydrolysis- (break w/ water)  Adding water molecule

Macromolecules (large molecules):  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates-  Function = fuel  Structure = 3 types:

Carbohydrates- structure:

1) Monosaccharides Single Sugar molecule = structure

Monosaccharides  fuel for cellular use = function ex. glucose

Monosaccharides  Single Sugar  Fuel for cellular function  BTW: form rings in aqueous solution

Monosaccharides -  Multiple of CH 2 O ex. C 6 H 12 O 6

Monosaccharides - KETOSE- C=O off middle ALDOSE - C=O-H from end

2) Disaccharides

two sugar monomers = Structure (joined by a glycosidic linkage via. dehydration synthesis)

2) Disaccharides two sugar monomers = Structure (joined by a glycosidic linkage via. dehydration synthesis)

2) Disaccharides

3) Polysaccharides many monomers = structure

Polysaccharides Functions: energy storage glycogen (animal) starch (plant)

Polysaccharides  Functions: Structural/ support polysaccharides = cellulose chitin

Do you see the difference?

Macromolecules (large molecules):  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

Lipids- Types:  Fats  Phospholipid  Steriods

Why are these molecules hydrophobic ???????????????????

Lipids- (hydrophobic)  1) Fats  1) Fats - functions: -energy storage -insulation / cushion

Fats- Fats- structure  3 Glycerol (alcohol) +  Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic Energy storage Cushion

Fats- Fats- structure  3 Glycerol (alcohol)  Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic Energy storage Cushion +3 fatty acid chains

Types of Lipids: 2) Phospholipids-  1 Glycerol (alcohol) +

Types of Lipids: 2) Phospholipids-  1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains +

Types of Lipids: Phospholipids-  1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group

Types of Lipids: Phospholipids-  1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group

Types of Lipids: Phospholipids- Phosphate group = hydrophilic Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic Cell membrane

Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails WATER

Types of Lipids: 3) Steroids  C-skeleton = 4 fused rings + functional group  cholesterol, sex hormones, sheath of neurons

Macromolecules (large molecules):  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

Amino Acids C R H carboxyl amino group 20 types 20 types

Proteins- Structure = one or more polypeptides- polymer of amino acids

Proteins-  one or more polypeptides- polymer of amino acids

Amino Acids C R H carboxyl amino group 20 types 20 types Determined by various side chains

Amino Acids

Evolutionary Significance All living things use various combinations of the SAME twenty amino acids. A VERY POWERFUL bit of evidence for the connection of all living things!

Proteins- functions = support, storage, signaling, transport of substances, signaling, enzymes.

Proteins- 4 levels of structure  1) Primary - precise, linear sequence of amino acids. amino - - carboxyl groupgroup

Sequence of a.a. determines HOW the protein works Form follows function

Isoleucine (Ile) Methionine (Met) Phenylalanine (Phe) Tryptophan (Trp) Proline (Pro) Leucine (Leu) Valine (Val) Alanine (Ala) Nonpolar Glycine (Gly)

Asparagine (Asn) Glutamine (Gln)Threonine (Thr) Polar Serine (Ser) Cysteine (Cys) Tyrosine (Tyr)

Electrically charged Aspartic acid (Asp) Acidic Basic Glutamic acid (Glu) Lysine (Lys)Arginine (Arg) Histidine (His)

Proteins: 4 levels of structure  2) Secondary - folded portions of chain/H-bonds -Alpha helix (coil) -Beta helix (pleated sheet)

Abdominal glands of the spider secrete silk fibers that form the web. The radiating strands, made of dry silk fibers, maintain the shape of the web. Spider silk: a structural protein Containing  pleated sheets The spiral strands (capture strands) are elastic, stretching in response to wind, rain, and the touch of insects.

Proteins- 4 levels of structure  3) Tertiary  3) Tertiary - -3-D -bonding between side chains (3 types)

Proteins- 4 levels of structure  4) Quaternary  4) Quaternary - -several polypeptide chains

insulin

Catalase - we will use this in our lab!

Red blood cell shape Normal cells are full of individual hemoglobin molecules, each carrying oxygen. Red blood cell shape Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform cell into sickle shape. Red blood cell shape Normal cells are full of individual hemoglobin molecules, each carrying oxygen. Red blood cell shape Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform cell into sickle shape.

Primary structure Secondary and tertiary structures Normal hemoglobin Primary structure Secondary and tertiary structures Sickle-cell hemoglobin Quaternary structure Normal hemoglobin (top view) Function Molecules do not associate with one another; each carries oxygen. Quaternary structure Sickle-cell hemoglobin Function Molecules interact with one another to crystallize into a fiber; capacity to carry oxygen is greatly reduced. Exposed hydrophobic region  subunit POINT!

Nucleic Acids-  DNA  RNA Programs ALL cellular function

Nucleic Acids- Composed of: nitrogenous base, 5-Carbon sugar, phosphate group = NUCLEOTIDE

Nitrogenous Bases-  Pyrimidines - (T,C, U)  Purines -(A,G) bases are complementary: