Macro-molecules = large molecules important to biological functions (Macro= Big) We’ll use Thanksgiving Dinner to follow along Great

Organic Chemistry Organic = compounds “created by” living things = compounds with carbon atoms bonded together Carbon is the basis for macro-molecules because of its versatility = many uses One carbon atom can form up to 4 covalent bonds at a time Carbon can form long chain-like molecules

Macro-molecules & Polymers Polymers = molecules that are a chain of repeating units (monomers) Polymerization = taking single units and linking them together to form polymers 4 categories of macromolecules are involved in this polymerization: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Polymerization Monomers join to form polymer “chain” Notice the monomers in the chain can be identical or different

Carbohydrates Used for two basic purposes: 1)Energy containing molecule, fuel or storage 2)Structural molecule (fibers) Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the following ratio: 1C:2H:1O

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides = single carbohydrate unit (sugars), usually end in “-ose” Ex. Glucose (basic blood sugar), fructose, galactose Some sugars are disaccharides (2 sugar units) Glucose

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides = many sugar units in a chain Ex.Starch (energy storage) Cellulose (plant fiber) – gives plants structure Glycogen is the common polysaccharide in animals, released from liver or muscle tissue when energy is needed See fig on p. 45 in textbook

Carb foods from Thanksgiving (sugars and starches) Mashed Potatoes Sweet Potatoes Pumpkin Pie Stuffing Rolls

The one element that is essential for all organic compounds is… 1. Oxygen 2. Carbon 3. Nitrogen 4. Neon

Carbon is a versatile building block because it has _____ valence electrons

Carbohydrates are polymers made of ______________. 1. Nucleic Acids 2. Glycogen 3. Amino Acids 4. Monosaccharides

Proteins are polymers made of ______________. 1. Nucleic Acids 2. Glycogen 3. Amino Acids 4. Monosaccharides

Plants store their excess sugar as ___________. 1. Starch 2. Lipids 3. Glycogen 4. Nucleotides

Animals store their excess sugar as ___________. 1. Starch 2. Lipids 3. Glycogen 4. Nucleotides

In the lab, monosaccharides can be detected by….. ___________. 1. Biuret’s 2. Lugol 3. Benedict’s 4. Sudan Red

In the lab, proteins can be detected by….. ___________. 1. Biuret’s 2. Lugol 3. Benedict’s 4. Sudan Red

In the lab, lipids can be detected by….. ___________. 1. Biuret’s 2. Lugol 3. Benedict’s 4. Sudan Red

In the lab, starches can be detected by….. ___________. 1. Biuret’s 2. Lugol 3. Benedict’s 4. Sudan Red

Lipids (aka.. tri-glycerides) Long chains of carbon and hydrogen Not water soluble (non-polar) Fats, oils and waxes Used as energy storage molecule Used as a structural molecule for membranes, waterproof coverings Used as chemical messengers – steroids See fig on p.46 in textbook

Lipids Form when a glycerol backbone attaches to up to 3 fatty acid chains (long chains of C & H) Fatty acid chains that have all carbons linked with single bonds = saturated (holding maximum # of hydrogen) Fatty acids that contain double or triple bonded carbons = unsaturated (not holding max. H) Some fatty acids have several double or triple bonds = polyunsaturated Max. H = Max energy storage

Lipid Structure Glycerol Head Fatty Acid Chains

Phospholipid structure

Lipid Hall of Fame Butter Gravy Some in the Meats Anything made with butter

Macromolecule Review Bozeman - Macromolecule Overview

Proteins Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen The monomers of proteins are called amino acids Amino acids have an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end with various atoms in between The joins are formed by joining the amino group on one amino acid with the carboxyl group on another = protein synthesis

Amino Acid Structure

Proteins There are 20 different amino acids found in nature This allows for very diverse combinations of proteins to be formed with diverse functions See figure 2-16 on p.47 in textbook 3 basic roles of proteins: 1)Structure (muscle and bone) 2)Control chemical reactions and regulate cell processes (enzymes) 3)Others are transport molecules or disease fighters in cells

Protein Structure

Protein at Thanksgiving

Nucleic Acids Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Phosphorus The monomers of nucleic acids are called nucleotides Nucleotides consist of 3 parts: 5-Carbon Sugar Phosphate (PO 4 ) group Nitrogenous Base (contains N)

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information 2 types of nucleic acids: 1)RNA (ribonucleic acid): contains the sugar ribose 2)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): contains the sugar deoxyribose See figure 2-15 on. p.47 in textbook

Nucleic Acid Structure Nucleotide Linked nucleotides

Nucleic Acids at Thanksgiving No foods are high in nucleic acids The necessary elements can be obtained from any food (carbs, proteins, lipids) Phosphorus must come from our diet as well Choose you favorite Thanksgiving food and start a rumor that it is high in nucleic acids. Then use this to justify eating a lot of it on Thanksgiving

Enzymes = Proteins that act as biological catalysts Speed up reactions that take place in cells by lowering the activation energy for those reactions Provide a “site” for the reactants to meet Enzyme structure has an active site on it where reactants can bind to enzyme and then bind to each other Reactants are called substrates in these reactions