Tonight’s HW Text p. 256 – 257; p. 350 – 351; WHFUA Big Era 5 PowerPoint & Worksheet

POST CLASSICAL PERIOD A Period of Recovery and Readjustment

Periodization 600 C.E. All classical empires have fallen 1450 C.E. Intensification of Cultural & economic Exchange East & West still separate 600 C.E. All classical empires have fallen Vs C.E. Era of major readjust ment after collapse 1000 C.E. End of readjustment period 1500 C.E. Outreach & intensificati on of contacts

Theme # 1: What Replaced Classical Empires? New & Improved Versions Byzantine Empire (Rome) Tang & Song Dynasties (Han) Mesoamerican Empires – Aztec, Inca (Maya, Chavin) New Empires & Types of States E. African city-states (Swahili) Muslim World (Dar al-Islam) Feudal Kingdoms – Medieval Europe Mongol Empire Medieval Japan (Shogunate) Sub-Saharan African Kingdoms (Ghana, Mali, Songhay) Holy Roman Empire Italian city-states

Themes Questions of periodization –Nature and causes of changes in the world history framework leading up to 600 C.E.—1450 as a period –Emergence of new empires and political systems (e.g., Umayyad, ‘Abbasid, Byzantium, Russia, Sudanic states, Swahili Coast, Tang, Song, and Ming China, Delhi Sultanate, Mongol, Turkish, Aztec, Inca) –Continuities and breaks within the period (e.g., the effects of the Mongols on international contacts and on specific societies)

Themes Political systems and cultural patterns –East Asia China’s expansion Chinese influence on surrounding areas and its limits (Japan, Vietnam, and Korea) Change and continuities in Confucianism –The Americas Apex and decline of the Maya Rise of the Aztec Rise of the Inca –Restructuring of Europe Decentralization—medieval society Division of Christianity Revival of cities –Africa Sudanic empires (Mali, Ghana, Songhay) Swahili coast –South Asia and Southeast Asia Delhi Sultanate –Vietnam Arts, sciences, and technologies

Themes The Islamic world –The rise and role of Dar al-Islam as a unifying cultural and economic force in Eurasia and Africa –Islamic political structures, notably the caliphate –Arts, sciences, and technologies

Source: Some empires were larger than Classical empires!

Theme # 2: The Importance of Trade Routes Major trade route = Turquoise Roads Source:

Theme # 2: The Importance of Trade Routes Major trade route = Indian Ocean Routes Source: Ventuleth/AP%20World/Asian%20Trade%20Routes% jpg

Theme # 2: The Importance of Trade Routes Major trade route = Hanseatic Trade Routes Source:

Theme # 2: The Importance of Trade Routes Major trade route = Trans-Saharan Trade Routes Source: unknown

Theme # 2: The Importance of Trade Routes Major trade route = Islamic Trade Routes Source: empire.jpg?w=720&h=391

Source:

Key Questions About Trade Which new trade routes are present? Which old trade routes are no longer used widely? Who are the major players, and what is being exchanged? How have invaders (Vikings, Mongols, Arabs, Turks, European Crusaders, Aztec/Mexica) impacted these areas, both for better and for worse? What were the reasons for and consequences of increasing trade?

Unintended Consequence = Plague!

Question: What were the demographic effects of the Black Death? Cite specifics to justify your response.

Theme # 3: Culture, Social Structure, & People Things to watch out for: Use of forced & coerced labor systems Changing of gender roles, for better or for worse New classes of people who emerge during this time period Continuing importance of cities Demographic changes German illustration of the three estates of medieval society, with peasants making up the lowest third. Source: toryforusall.sds u.edu/eras/era 5.php#pan

Themes Demographic and environmental changes –Impact of migrations on Afro- Eurasia and the Americas e.g., Aztecs, Mongols, Turks, Vikings, and Arabs –Consequences of plague pandemics in the fourteenth century –Growth and role of cities e.g., the expansion of urban commercial centers in Song China and administrative centers in Africa and the Americas

Theme # 4: Increased Cultural Exchange Due to five global factors: 1. Population Growth & Migration 2. States & Empires 3. Trade Networks 4. Spread of Ideas & Beliefs 5. Diffusion of Crops & Technologies Source: The great Buddha carving in the Longmen caves in China dates from 672 CE. Photo by Ross Dunn

Centers of Higher Learning, ca. 1400s C.E. Left: Attarin College in Fez, Morocco. Served Muslim professors & students Right: Corpus Christi College in Cambridge, England. Served Catholic professors and students Photos by Ross Dunn source: all.sdsu.edu/eras/era5.p hp#pan

Themes Interregional networks and contacts –Development and shifts in interregional trade, technology, and cultural exchange –Trans-Sahara trade –Indian Ocean trade –Silk Roads –Economic innovations e.g., Tang, Song, and early Ming China, Swahili Coast trade, economic systems in the Americas –Missionary outreach of major religions –Contacts between major religions, e.g., Islam and Buddhism, Christianity and Islam –Impact of the Mongol empires

Themes Diverse interpretations –What are the issues involved in using cultural areas rather than states as units of analysis? –What are the sources of change: nomadic migrations versus urban growth? –Was there a world economic network in this period? –Were there common patterns in the new opportunities available to and constraints placed on elite women in this period? –To what extent was Dar al-Islam a unified cultural/political entity?

Review WHFUA PowerPoint Activity Take discussion notes as we review this material!

26 The population of the Americas was much smaller than the population of Afroeurasia. Populati on World Population American Population

27 People migrated to new places in (and out) of Afroeurasia. Vikings Bantu- Speaking People of Africa Mongols Turkic Groups People of Oceania Arabs Germanic Tribes Chinese Populati on

28 Sui China Silla Parha e Yamoto Japan Harsha’ Empire Chaluky a Avar Kingdom Frankish Kingdoms Ghana Axum Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire States and Empires in 600 CE

29 Ghana Carolingian Byzantine Abbasid Caliphate Axum Gurjara- Pratihara Tang China Srivijaya Parhae Silla Cordoba Caliphate Heian Japan States and Empires in 800 CE

30 Mongol Empire Russia Sung China Koryo Kamakura Japan Delhi Sultan ate Scandanavian Kingdoms Mali Zimbabwe Benin Oyo France Ethiopia Ayyubid Caliphate Almohad Caliphate Poland Rum H.R.E. Hungary England Portugal Spain States and Empires in 1237 CE States and Empires in 1237 CE Angkor

31 Mali Oyo Benin Zimbabwe Zanj City-States Ethiopia Vijayanagara Siam Majapahit Ashikaga Japan Korea Marinids Hafsids Mamluk Sultanate Granada PortugalCastile France Scotland England Union of Kalmar Holy Roman Empire Poland- Lithuania Hungary Ottoman Emp. Russian States Khanate of the Golden Horde Jagatai Khanate Ming China Timurid Empire States and Empires in 1400 CE

32 The spread of universal religions from CE Ideas Buddhism Hinduism Islam Christianity

33 Who spread these universal religions across Afroeurasia? Monks spread Buddhism. Traders and Sufi orders spread Islam. Missionaries spread Christianity. Ideas

34 Scholars studied and spread knowledge in many institutions of learning. Ideas Korean library European astronomer Sung scholar Muslim astronomers

35 Natural sciences developed in many places. Ideas Indian Chinese Muslim European

36 Transport and communication technologies improved. Transport and communication technologies improved. Astrolabe Lateen sail North Arabian camel saddle Books & paper Stern- rudder Stirrup Mapmaking Ideas

37 Sciences like astronomy, mathematics and engineering were developed.Sciences like astronomy, mathematics and engineering were developed. Trade routes connected regions.Trade routes connected regions. Mining, irrigation, and agricultural technologies developed.Mining, irrigation, and agricultural technologies developed. Crops like potatoes, maize, tomatoes, cotton, and chocolate were grown.Crops like potatoes, maize, tomatoes, cotton, and chocolate were grown. Inca Gold Corn & Potatoes Mayan Calendar Mississippian Mica Moche Ceramic Cultural development and exchange in the Americas: The Maya, Inca, and Aztec Empires

Unit II Learning Goals 1. Analyze the changes and continuities of global trade routes from 300 C.E. to 1450 C.E. 2. Explain why the period between 600 C.E. and 1450 C.E. is referred to by historians as the “postclassical era,” citing specifics. 3. Trace the changes and continuities in political stability and organization during the postclassical era. 4. Explain the global effects of the expansion or contraction of trade routes during the postclassical era. 5. Compare and contrast the forced or coerced labor systems that were used by various states and empires during the postclassical period. 6. Compare and contrast the development and methods of organization and control of early modern empires that emerged during the postclassical era. 7. To what extent have tribal and nomadic peoples impacted global history and society? 8. What were the primary causes and consequences of the expansion and intensification of communication and exchange networks between 600 C.E. and 1450? 38

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