Harvard Referencing What is referencing? Why do we do it? How do we do it?

What is referencing? Listing your sources of information at the end of your assignment (bibliography) Adding these references/sources into the text of your assignment

Why do it? To prove you have researched the topic To acknowledge the source of your information and ideas To separate your own opinions from other people’s To support your opinions (evidence) So the reader can find what you have referred to

How do you do it? - Books Each author’s name and initials Year of publication in brackets Title in bold or italics or underlined text Edition (if more than 1 st ) Place of publication Publisher’s name Example: Hough, M. (1998) Counselling Skills and Theory, London, Hodder & Stoughton

How do you do it? - Journals Each author’s name and initials Year of publication in brackets Title of article in single inverted commas Title of journal in bold or italics or underlined text Volume number and part number or month of issue where appropriate The number of the first and last pages of the article you used Example: Weiner, B. (1985) ‘An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion’ Psychological Review, vol. 92, pp

How do you do it? - websites Where possible, identify the author Example: Holmes, A. (2000) ‘Greenpeace wins media war’, at Independent.co.ukinternational/green25.htm [accessed 2 nd September 2005] you need to put the date accessed in square brackets

More on websites If there is no author named, then follow these examples: BBC online (2004) ‘Radical Autumn shake-up’, at [accessed 8th December 2004] [accessed 4 th October 2005] (note: be wary of non-academic websites, without authors)

How? - More than one author and edited books Two or more authors Sutton, J. and Stewart, W. (2002) Learning to Counsel, (2 nd edn), Oxford, How to Books. Edited books Lago, C. and MacMillan, M. (eds) (1999) Experiences in Relatedness: Groupwork and the Person Centred Approach, Ross-on-Wye, PCCS books

How? – unpublished material You might want to refer to things not officially published, e.g. lecture notes, conversations, leaflets or pamphlets, which you have found useful Stansfield, S. (2006) Guidelines for Essay Writing, unpublished work, Shrewsbury, S-CAT Roberts, A, (2006) Personal communication

Adding references to the text: quotations of more than two lines Counsellors need to develop self awareness. Sutton and Stewart (2002) state that: By increasing our self-understanding, we enhance our ability to be genuine and empathetic, and our understanding of what makes people tick. (p20) (Technique: surname(s) with year of publication only is needed. Direct quote of more than 2 lines is indented and written in a smaller font. Page ref at end of quote)

Adding references to the text: quotations If the quotation is less than two lines long, include it in the text in inverted commas The quality of the therapeutic alliance is at the heart of the person-centred approach. “The counsellor will want to be as close to the experiencing of the client as possible…” (Mearns, 1994) (Technique: surname and year in brackets only needed)

Adding references to the text: summarising ideas from a source Briefly summarise the author’s ideas and views in your words and then acknowledge the source. Example: It is important to recognise that we may use certain words in a different way to other people. O’ Farrell (1988) reminds us that, as well as definitions of words we might find in the dictionary, they can also have connotations based on the experiences of an individual and therefore, we have to be open to understanding the client’s definition of a particular word Technique: the author’s name is included in the flow of the sentence and the year of publication is included in brackets

Adding references to the text: summarising ideas from a source Summarising an author’s ideas is good practice as it shows you understand what you have read. Good practice also involves saying something about each of the references used as quotations so the reader can see that it is relevant to your argument

General comments Limit your use of direct quotations (as a rough guide, no more than 5% of your total word count You should not normally use quotations of more than 4 or so lines long Make use of paraphrasing and summarising in your own words (with referenced source) as much as possible