1 Learning Resource Centre Harvard Referencing: A Guide

2 Overview This is a brief guide to Harvard Referencing System, using common resources as examples. It is by no means comprehensive and should be used in conjunction with more detailed guides (which cover all types of publications) now available in print in the LRC, and on the VLE.

3 Plagiarism You must remember that all information and images are the property of the author of the book, journal or website (even if their name is not stated, the information or image does not belong to you). You must refer your lecturer to where you obtained information and images, and you must not republish copies of the information or image (i.e. in your own work,) without the author's permission. Within the Institute, passing of an author's work as your own is called plagiarism and will lead to disciplinary proceedings against you. Avoid these implications by providing a correct reference to the original source using the Harvard Referencing System.

4 What is the Harvard method? The Harvard method of referring to references uses the author's name and the date of the publication. References are listed at the end of the text in a bibliography in alphabetical order of author's name.

5 What should be included in a reference to a book?  Authors/Editors  By surname(s) followed by initial  If there are two or three contributing names, include them all in the order they appear on the title page  If there are more than three, record the first followed by et al  If the book is edited, signify this by using ed. after their name

6 What should be included in a reference to a book? Contd.  Date  Put year of publication in brackets after the author's name  It is often found on the back of the title page  Title  Use the title given on the title page and sub-title (if any)  Capitalize the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns  Underline title or use italics

7 What should be included in a reference to a book? Contd.  Place of Publication The place of publication is found on the back of the title page  Publisher The publisher is found on the back of the title page

8 What should it look like when it is set out? Example Macdonald, D.J. (1984) Poverty in Britain. London. Routledge Macdonald, D.J. (1984) Poverty in Britain. London. Routledge

9 What should be included in a reference to a journal article?  Author Same as for books  Date  Put year of publication in brackets after the author's name  If possible, it is worth recording the month as well as the year  Title of Article Use the title given at the beginning of an article

10 What should be included in a reference to a journal article? Contd.  Title of Journal  The title given on the journal front should be recorded.  Do not abbreviate journal title unless the journal title actually is, or contains an abbreviation  Underline title or use italics  Volume Issue/Number  Each issue will have its own number, which will help make up the volume  Usually a volume number changes every six months or year  Pages Same as for books (see above)

11 What should it look like when it is set out? Example: Rimmer, L. (1986) Family unemployment and welfare. Quarterly Journal of Social Affairs, 2(3), p Rimmer, L. (1986) Family unemployment and welfare. Quarterly Journal of Social Affairs, 2(3), p

12 How do I make an organisation or personal webpage reference?  Referencing Organisation or personal Internet sites  Author surname, initials (year when web page constructed/last modified), title of web page, [URL:], date accessed.  EXAMPLE: Yau, T. (2001) Dragon project, [URL: roject2000/], (accessed: 20 December 2002). roject2000/

13 How do I make a reference to articles in Electronic Journals ?  Articles in Electronic journals  e.g. Author, (date) "Title of article", Title of journal, volume, issue, page numbers [Online] Name of database. Available at URL of database (accessed date). EXAMPLE:  Bright, M. (1985) "The poetry of art", Journal of the history of ideas, vol. 16, no. 2, pp [Online] Emerald Fulltext. Available at (accessed 23 November 2003).

14 How do I make a reference to an image?  Images  To reference an image, use Author (date) Title of image [Online image]. Available at: URL (accessed date).  EXAMPLE: Newry Institute (2002) Current student [Online image]. Available at: (accessed 4 December 2002).

15 I want to quote or refer to a publication when I am writing. How do I do it? Cited publications are referred to in the text by giving the author's name and year of publication, in either of the forms shown below:  In a recent study Smith (1986) argued that...  In a recent study (Smith 1986) it was argued that.. For publications by two authors, both are given:  In a recent study (Smith and Jones 1986) it was argued that...

16 How do I arrange the list of references at the end of my work ? Otherwise known as a bibliography, the references are listed in alphabetical order by author. When the name of the author cannot be determined, the book should be listed by title in the alphabetical sequence. If there are two or three authors include them all, and if more than three, record the first followed by et al.

17 Key points to remember  Include all the information necessary to find the reference again.  Be consistent in the way you set out your references.  If you need help or advice about citations please ask your lecturer or the Librarian.  More detailed guides are available in the LRC and on the VLE.