Referencing - Harvard Style A guide… zHow to refer to writers in your texts zA formula for each type of resource, i.e. video, book, journal, electronic journal, web page zHow to create a proper bibliography

Harvard Referencing Harvard Referencing Why you have to use it zEvidence of background reading zAcknowledge the research of others zAvoid accusations of plagiarism zMakes you include complete information zEasy to trace the background research used zHelps other researchers

Harvard Referencing Harvard Referencing Some language explained zCITING - acknowledging in the text zCITATION - the passage or words quoted within your text zBIBLIOGRAPHY - list of sources zREFERENCE - detailed description of works used

Harvard Referencing Harvard Referencing How does it work? There are 2 elements to referencing other people’s work: zThe first is in the body of the text or in the middle of your essay or report, when you refer to someone’s ideas. zThe second is at the back of your work when you list everything you have referred to in full.

Citing in the text zAuthors surname and year of publication in brackets e.g. The work of Preece (1998) and Rawcliffe (2000) was concerned to emphasise the importance of quality in social research.

Citing in the text Citing in the text Direct Quotes zName, Year and Page number appear in brackets e.g. “These resting times provide periods for reflection and permit time for new things to be learned, mastered and brought to fruition.” (Jones, 1995 pp.122-3)

Citing in the text Citing in the text Multiple Authors z3 or fewer authors: e.g. Cutler, T. Williams, K. & Williams, J. (1986) believe that the fermentation process is prolonged by such low temperatures. z4 or more authors: e.g. Matlock, J. et al. (1996) discussed the use of electronic databases.

Citing in the text Citing in the text Electronic Sources z Electronic journal and web site with an author: Cite the author and date as usual. e.g. Turner (2001) has created many useful graphs showing the transition between the different age groups.

Citing in the text Citing in the text Electronic Sources z Web site without author: Where the web page has no author, use the title of the page as the point of reference. e.g. A recent study (Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 2000) has stated that lung cancer is the most common form of the disease in the UK.

The Bibliography The Bibliography What is it? zAlphabetical list at the end of your work zThe bibliography gives the FULL reference zThe following formulas are to make sure that you do not miss out a crucial fact and then fail to trace that work again zNot everything can be included on one guide, the most important thing to remember is to keep your bibliography consistent

BOOKS BOOKS Include the following information: zAuthor(s) / Editor(s) / Organisation zYear in brackets zTitle and Subtitle (Underlined). zSeries (if present). zEdition. zPlace of publication, zPublisher.

Book Reference Book Reference In the bibliography e.g. Spence, B. ed. (1993) Secondary school management in the 1990’s: challenge and change. Aspects of Education Series, 48. London, Independent Publishers. e.g. Mohr, L.B. (1996) Impact for analysis for program evaluation. 2nd ed. London, Sage.

Example Exercise You have read a book called ‘New directions in action research’. It was published in The location of the publisher is London. The publishers name is Falmer Press and it was edited by Ortrun Zuber-Skerritt. Translate this into a Harvard Reference

Right order and punctuation Zuber-Skerritt, O. ed. (1996) New directions in action research. London, Falmer Press.

Correct Reference Zuber-Skerritt, O. ed. (1996) New directions in action research. London, Falmer Press.

Journal Articles Journal Articles Include the following information: zAuthor(s) of article zYear in brackets zArticle title. zJournal title (Underlined), zVolume, Part, Issue, Month/Season zPage numbers.

Journal Article Journal Article In the bibliography e.g. Lucas, K.B. & Lidstone, J.G. (2000) Ethical Issues in Teaching About Research Ethics. Evaluation and Research in Education, 14 (1) pp

Example Exercise You have read in a journal called ‘Studies in Higher Education’ an article called ‘Learning to Learn: more than a skills set.’ It is written by Mike Rawson. It was published this year. It is issue number 2. It is on pages and is volume number 25. Translate this into a Harvard reference

Right order and punctuation Rawson, M. (2002) Learning to Learn: more that a skill set. Studies in Higher Education, 25 (2) pp

Correct Reference Rawson, M. (2002) Learning to Learn: more that a skill set. Studies in Higher Education, 25 (2) pp

Newspaper Article Newspaper Article In the bibliography: e.g. Baty, P. (1998) Learners are born, says report. Times Higher Education Supplement, 16th January, p.5.

‘In’ References ‘In’ References Include the following information: zAuthor of chapter/section zYear of publication (in brackets) zTitle of chapter/section. zIn: zAuthor / Editor of collected work zTitle of the collected work (Underlined). zPlace of publication, zPublisher’s name, zPage numbers.

‘In’ References ‘In’ References In the bibliography: e.g. Porter, M.A. (1993) The modification of method in researching postgraduate education. In: Burgess, R.G. ed. The research process in educational settings: ten case studies. London, Falmer Press, pp

‘In’ References ‘In’ References In the bibliography: e.g. Confederation of British Industry (1989) Towards a skills revolution: a youth charter. London, CBI. Quoted in: Bluck, R., Hilton, A. & Noon, P. (1994) Information skills in academic libraries: a teaching and learning role in higher education. SEDA Paper 82. Birmingham, Staff and Educational Development Association, p.39.

Film and Video Film and Video Include the following information: zSeries title zSeries number zYear (in brackets) zProgramme title (Underlined). zPlace of publication, zPublisher’s name zDate of transmission z[Medium:Format].

Videos Videos In the bibliography: zCommercial videos: e.g. Yol (1982) Directed by Yilmaz Guney. London, Artificial Eye [video:VHS]. zTelevision programmes and off-air recordings: e.g. World in Action (1995) All work and no play. London, ITV, 21st January [video:VHS].

Sound Recordings Sound Recordings In the bibliography: e.g. Mozart, W.A. Symphony no. 38 in D major, Vienna Philharmonic. Polydor. [sound recording:compact disk]. e.g. Children language and literature. (1982) Milton Keynes, Open University Press [sound recording:audiocassette].

Web Pages Web Pages Include the following information: zAuthor(s) / Editor(s) if known zYear (in brackets) zTitle (Underlined) z[Internet]. zEdition zPlace of publication, zPublisher’s name (if available). zAvailable from: z[Date accessed].

Web Page Web Page In the bibliography: e.g. Rowett, S. (1998) Higher Education for capability: autonomous learning for life and work [Internet]. Higher Education for Capability. Available from: [Accessed 8 August 2000]. e.g. The Architecture Foundation. (1999) Architecture Foundation Online [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 17 August 2001].

Electronic Journal Articles Electronic Journal Articles Include the following information: zAuthor(s) / Editor(s) zYear (in brackets) zTitle of article. zTitle of journal (Underlined) z[type of medium]. zDate of publication, volume, issue, page number zAvailable from: z[Date accessed].

Electronic Journal Electronic Journal In the bibliography: e.g. Glasbergen, P. & Groenenberg, R. (2001) Environmental partnerships in sustainable energy. European Environment [Internet], January/February, 11 (1), pp Available from: [Accessed 12 August 2001].

Online images Online images Include the following information: z Title of image, or a description (Underlined). z Year (in brackets) z [Online image] or [Online video]. z Available from: z Filename including extension z [Date accessed].

Online images Online images In the bibliography: e.g. Hubble space telescope release in the space shuttle’s payload bay. (1997) [Online image]. Available from: SPACE/GIF/s gif, [Accessed 6 July 1997].

discussion lists discussion lists Include the following information: zAuthor / Editor zYear (in brackets) zTitle of message zDiscussion list name and date of message (Underlined) z[Internet discussion list] zAvailable from: z[Date accessed].

discussion lists discussion lists In the bibliography: e.g. Brack, E.V. (1996) Computing and short courses. Lis-link 2 May 1996 [Internet discussion list]. Available from: [Accessed 15 April 1997].

Personal messages Personal messages Include the following information: zSender’s name zSender’s address (in brackets) zDay Month Year zSubject of message (Underlined) z to followed by recipient’s name zRecipient’s address (in brackets).

Personal messages Personal messages In the bibliography: e.g. Lawrence, S. regions.gsi.gov.uk), 6 July Re: government office for Yorkshire and Humberside information. to F. Burton

Sample Bibliography Bennett,H. Gunter, H. & Reid, S. (1996) Through a glass darkly: images of appraisal. Journal of Teacher Development, 5 (3) October, pp Now Voyager (1942) Directed by Irving Rapper. New York, Warner [Film:35mm]. Smith, B. (1999) Learning Styles. London, Academic Press.