Referencing & Bibliography Guide

Referencing Citing in your coursework acknowledges the publications where you obtained information. A reference list contains detailed descriptions of the publications that you have referred to or quoted from in your assignment.

Why Reference To avoid plagiarism To acknowledge direct quotes To provide evidence to support arguments So that readers can check how much preparation has gone into your work and can find extra information

In-Text References These appear in the main body of the text to indicate the source of your information. Use in-text references whenever you mention facts written by someone else, or when you include someone else’s ideas. Use letters after the date to distinguish between books by the same author published, or internet sites accessed, in the same year e.g. (Greaves 2004a, Greaves 2004b) or (CIPD 2008a, CIPD 2008b).

In-Text References Include a reference at the end of a sentence (Greaves 2004). Greaves (2004) says that references can be written in the middle of a sentence. “For direct quotes, use quotation marks and state the page number of the source in the reference.” (Greaves 2004, p. 72) Also include the page number if you are referring to multiple sources in one book. Remember that what you put in the in-text reference must direct the reader to the correct reference in the end list.

Bibliographies A bibliography is a list of publications you consulted when writing assignments but did not use as sources in your work. A bibliography shows the extent of research carried out. A bibliography allows others to find out more information about the topics covered.

Harvard Referencing There are several methods of citing references and compiling bibliographies. This guide will focus on the Harvard System. This system is commonly used in Colleges & Universities. Check with lecturers what system they wish to be used.

Citing References When you cite a reference or quote in your assignments the author’s surname and the publication date must be given. Examples The case shows (Black 1990) that law needs to be changed. OR Black (1990) shows the law needs to be changed. OR “Delegation is an essential element and skill of management” (Black 1990, p.10).

Multiple Authors If there are two authors give both names in your text. If there are more than two authors either give all the names or give the first name followed by “et al”. Give all the names in your list of references or bibliography. Examples 2 AuthorsLaing and Esterson (2008) More than 2 authorsKakabadse, Ludlow and Orr (2007) OR Kakabadse et al (2007)

Listing Books For each book you must include the following information:- 1.Name of author(s) – surname followed by forename. 2.Year the book was published – the year is placed in brackets. 3.Title of the book – written in italics or underlined 4.The edition – only if it is not the first edition. 5.Place of publication 6.The publisher Example Chisnall,P. (1995) Strategic Business Marketing. 3 rd ed. London: Prentice Hall

Listing Journals For each journal you must include the following information:- 1.Name of author(s) – surname followed by forename. 2.Year the journal was published – the year is placed in brackets. 3.Title of the article 4.Title of the journal – written in italics or underlined. 5.The volume number – use the abbreviation Vol. 6.Pages referred to – abbreviated to pp. Example Chalkley,M. (1998) Proscribing and prescribing drugs. Economic Review, Vol. 15(4), pp

Listing Newspaper Articles For each newspaper article you must include the following information:- 1.Name of journalist(s) – surname followed by forename. 2.Whole date – day, month and year placed in brackets. 3.Title of the article - usually the headline. 4.Name of the Newspaper– written in italics or underlined. 5.Page referred to – abbreviated to p. Example Seenan, Gerard. (13 August 1998) Hospital suspends consultant, The Guardian, P

Listing Internet Sites For each internet site you must include at least the following:- 1.Author/editor(if available) or name of organisation 2.Year of publication or last update (in brackets) 3.Title of the web document – in italics or underlined 4.[Online] – Insert to determine it is from an internet site 5.URL in full 6.[Date accessed] – date you accessed the site in square brackets Example CIPD (2007) Performance Management – an overview, [Online] URL: blehttp:// ble, [accessed 31/01/11]

Internet Sites (where site name and year are identical) For each internet site you must include at least the following:- 1.Author/editor(if available) or name of organisation 2.Year of publication or last update (in brackets) 3.Title of the web document – in italics or underlined 4.[Online] – Insert to determine it is from an internet site 5.URL in full 6.[Date accessed] – date you accessed the site in square brackets Example CIPD (2008a) Performance appraisal, [Online] URL: chRes=1, [accessed 31/01/08] URL: chRes=1 CIPD (2008b) Appraisal: getting managers’ buy-in, [Online] URL: n=printable, [accessed: 31/01/08] n=printable

References/Bibliography References are a list of sources you have either quoted directly or used arguments from, listed in alphabetical order by author (or editor) surname. Be consistent with formats – capitals & italics, use of commas & full stops should be used in the same way throughout. You should also include a bibliography of items consulted but not cited in your work.

Example of a List of References/Bibliography Chalkley, M. (1998) proscribing and prescribing drugs, Economic Review, Vol. 15(4), pp.6-7. Chisnall, P. (1995) Strategic Business Marketing, 3 rd ed. London, Prentice Hall. Pp CIPD (2007) Performance Management – an overview, [Online] URL: [accessed 31/01/08] CIPD (2008a) Performance appraisal, [Online] URL: [accessed 31/01/08] CIPD (2008b) Appraisal: getting managers’ buy-in, [Online] URL: ble, [accessed 31/01/08] ble Seenan, Gerard. (13 August 1998) Hospital suspends consultant after patient’s death, The Guardian, p.5.

Thank you httphttp:// For further information Skills4Study is recommended