Measurements

How do we measure things? Televisions –  20” screen  not a 50.8 cm screen Milk –  Quarts, pints, gallons  not liters or milliliters

Interesting Measurements Fathoms  Depth of water Drams or Scruples  Weight for apothecary Hands  Height of a horse Pennyweights, slugs, square perches, circular mils, sections, grains

How do we know how much? How do we compare these measurements? Conversions!

Conversions Degrees Fahrenheit Degrees Celsius  (Degrees F – 32) x 5 / 9 Degrees Celsius Degrees Kelvin  (Degrees C ) Degrees Celsius Degrees Fahrenheit  (Degrees C x 9 / 5) + 32

Conversions 1 Foot = centimeters 1 Foot = meters 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters 1 kilometer = feet 1 kilometer = miles 1 yard = meters

Too Hard? Lets look at a better way!

International System of Units SI for short Base 10 system – everything is simple, easy. No commas  1,000 (not correct) (correct) No periods after symbols  Gram = g meter = m liter = L not: g. m. L. In 1988, the SI became the standard measurement for trade and commerce in the United States.

Base Units Mass = Grams (g) - symbol is a lower-case g Length = Meter (m) - symbol is a lower-case m Volume = Liter (L) - symbol is an upper-case L

Prefixes Tera (T)  Means 1 Trillion ( ) Giga (G)  Means 1 Billion ( ) Mega (M)  Means 1 Million ( ) Kilo (k)  Means 1 Thousand (1 000) Hecto (h)  Means 1 Hundred (100) Deka (da)  Means Ten (10)

Prefixes Deci (d)  One-tenth Centi (c)  One - hundredth Milli (m)  One- thousandth Micro ( µ )  One-millionth Nano (n)  One-billionth Pico (p)  One-trillionth

Example 1 1 Tera________= ________ 1 Giga________= ________ 1 Mega________= ________ 1 Kilo_________= ________ 1 Hecto________= 100 ________ 1 Deka________= 10 ________ ___________ 10 Deci ________=1 ________ 100 Centi ________=1 ________ Milli ________=1 ________ Micro________= 1 ________ Nano________= 1 ________ Pico________=1 ________ gramgrams gramsgram Gram (g)

Example 2 Tera________= ________ 1 Giga________= ________ 1 Mega________= ________ 1 Kilo_________= ________ 1 Hecto________= 100 ________ 1 Deka________= 10 ________ ___________ 10 Deci ________=1 ________ 100 Centi ________=1 ________ Milli ________=1 ________ Micro________= 1 ________ Nano________= 1 ________ Pico________=1 ________ meter meters meters meter Meter (m)

Tera________= ________ 1 Giga________= ________ 1 Mega________= ________ 1 Kilo_________= ________ 1 Hecto________= 100 ________ 1 Deka________= 10 ________ ___________ 10 Deci ________=1 ________ 100 Centi ________=1 ________ Milli ________=1 ________ Micro________= 1 ________ Nano________= 1 ________ Pico________=1 ________ liter Liters liters Liter Liter (L)

Tera________= ________ 1 Giga________= ________ 1 Mega________= ________ 1 Kilo_________= ________ 1 Hecto________= 100 ________ 1 Deka________= 10 ________ ___________ 10 Deci ________=1 ________ 100 Centi ________=1 ________ Milli ________=1 ________ Micro________= 1 ________ Nano________= 1 ________ Pico________=1 ________ Byte (B) byte Bytes

How do you do a conversion? 1. Set up your problem.  Make a division line  Make a multiplication line 2. Bring down what you are converting  (Include the units!) 3. Set up the conversion so that your units cancel 4. Add the conversion factor from your sheet. 5. Move the decimal point.  Multiply (Right) or Divide (Left)  Spaces are based on the number of zeros in your conversion. Convert 384 grams into kilograms. 384 g g kg Conversion Factor: 1 Kilo ____ = 1000 ________ 1 Kilogram = 1000 grams =0.384 kg

Practice 1. Set up your problem.  Make a division line  Make a multiplication line 2. Bring down what you are converting  (Include the units!) 3. Set up the conversion so that your units cancel 4. Add the conversion factor from your sheet. 5. Move the decimal point.  Multiply (Move Right) or Divide (Move Left)  Spaces moved are based on the number of zeros in your conversion – 3 zeros, 3 spaces.

Data Tables Data tables are used to record and explain data  While doing experiments  Record measurements, descriptions, other observations  While analyzing results  Organize ideas and data  To show statistics or results  Easy to explain results to others

Example: IPOD Song List Each column has a heading Rows can have headings too Titles are descriptive of what is in the table

Example from an Experiment

How to create a table Look at the information you have (or want to get) Decide on a title (theme) for your table Label columns (and rows)  Columns are vertical  Rows are horizontal

How to create Drawings When using a microscope, draw the entire viewing field Write the Magnification that was used to create your drawing Be as clear and accurate as possible Magnification: 100X

How to create Drawings Make sure to show size, shape and location of anatomical structures. Again, drawings should be as clear and accurate as possible.

Labeling Drawings When labeling drawings:  1. Use a RULER to draw label lines.  2. Label lines should point to the CENTER of the structure being labeled.  3. Writing should never be on the lines.  4. All labels should be PRINTED HORIZONTALLY  5. When possible, label the right-hand side of the drawing  6. Do not cross label lines.

Correct Labels Cell Wall Anaphase Metaphase Prophase Magnification: 100X

Averages Sometimes it is necessary to find the average of a group of numbers. What do you do? #1. Add all the items in the group together. #2. Divide by the total number of items.

Average Example Find the average of the following ages of students: 10, 12, 11, 10, 12 Add them all together: 10Then, divide by 12the number of 11items in the list / 5 = 11 55Average = 11

Rounding What if there is a decimal?  Round to what it says to.  Tenth  Hundredth  Thousandth  If 6 and above, round up  If 5, then look to the next number (when in doubt, round up)  If 4 and below, round down

Examples Round to the tenth:  1.34  6.54  3.89  4.65 Round to the hundredth:     8.022