Les Politiques socials en el marc de l'Estratègia EU 2020: models i xarxes de governança Andrea Noferini Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB) Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Departament de Ciencies Politiques Els plans d’inclusió social, estat de la qüestió 4 de desembre de Espai Francesca Bonnemaison

1.Social exclusion in the EU and Catalonia 2.The two ingredients for better social policy A good definition A good method 3.PLIS as a good practice: why?

1. Social exclusion in the EU and Catalonia

At risk of poverty (Family composition)

1.Women are more likely to live in poverty and social exclusion than men. In 2011, 25.3 % of women were at risk of poverty or social exclusion across the EU compared to 23.1 % of men. 2.Young people aged 18 to 24 are more at risk 3.About 50 % of single people with one or more dependent children were at risk of poverty or social exclusion in Migrants are worse off than people living in their home countries. People living in the EU but in a different country from where they were born had a 32.6 % risk of poverty or social exclusion in This is about 10 percentage points higher than for people living in their home countries. 5.People with low educational attainment are three times more likely to be at risk. In 2011, 34.4 % of people with at most lower secondary educational attainment were at risk of poverty or social exclusion. Some conclusion at EU level

Number of people affected by at least one of three forms of poverty: monetary poverty, material deprivation or low work intensity.

2.1 A good definition for Social Exclusion

A good definition of social exclusion Poverty alone is not a comprehensive marker of deprivation. Race, ethnicity, gender, religion, place of residence, disability status, age, HIVAIDS status, sexual orientation or other stigmatized markers, confer disadvantage that excludes people from a range of processes and opportunities. The World Bank defines social inclusion as the process of improving the terms for individuals and groups to take part in society. Social inclusion aims to empower poor and marginalized people to take advantage of burgeoning global opportunities. It ensures that people have a voice in decisions which affect their lives and that they enjoy equal access to markets, services and political, social and physical spaces.

Poverty is like living in jail, living under bondage, waiting to be free" — Jamaica "Poverty is lack of freedom, enslaved by crushing daily burden, by depression and fear of what the future will bring." — Georgia "If you want to do something and have no power to do it, it is talauchi (poverty)." — Nigeria "A better life for me is to be healthy, peaceful and live in love without hunger. Love is more than anything. Money has no value in the absence of love." — a poor older woman in Ethiopia "When one is poor, she has no say in public, she feels inferior. She has no food, so there is famine in her house; no clothing, and no progress in her family." — a woman from Uganda "For a poor person everything is terrible - illness, humiliation, shame. We are cripples; we are afraid of everything; we depend on everyone. No one needs us. We are like garbage that everyone wants to get rid of." — a blind woman from Tiraspol, Moldova

Amartya Sen’s definition of human development Human development is defined as the process of enlarging people's freedoms and opportunities and improving their well- being. Human development is about the real freedom ordinary people have to decide who to be, what to do, and how to live.

2.2 A good method: Multilevel governance ??

What is Multilevel Governance about? MLG as an arrangement for making binding decisions that engages a multiplicity of politically independent but otherwise interdependent actors – private and public – at different levels of territorial aggregation in more- or-less continuous negotiation/deliberation/implementation, and that does not assign exclusive policy competence or assert a stable hierarchy of political authority to any of these levels. (Schmitter, 2004) The Committee of the Regions considers multilevel governance to mean coordinated action by the European Union, the Member States and local and regional authorities, based on partnership and aimed at drawing up and implementing EU policies. It leads to responsibility being shared between the different tiers of government concerned and is underpinned by all sources of democratic legitimacy and the representative nature of the different players involved;

Aims of the study: 1.to identify the processes and success factors leading to strong, high quality political and administrative partnerships across levels of governance, primarily between municipal, regional and national public authorities and including relevant political powers; 2.To produce in each of these two policy fields four case-studies of good governance across levels of government The Commission recognizes that regional and local public authorities play an important role in conceiving and delivering public policies that are relevant for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. However regional and local public authorities have very diverse mandates and capacities and work under different institutional and governance arrangements. There are therefore difficulties to identify models of governance or partnership that work effectively and can easily be transferred.

3. The PLIS as a good practice in MLG

EU 2020 Strategy Spanish Action Plan for Social Inclusion Regional Plan for Social Inclusion and Cohesion Program for the development of Local Plans for Social Inclusion Contract agremeent Local governments In Catalonia, more than 900 local entities of which 90% with less than inhabitants) BEST PRACTICE A Title: Program for the development of Local Plans for Social Inclusion in Catalonia 1.Technical, financial and human resources to support the design and the implementation of the PLIs 2.Local Technical Offices to coordinate network activities at the local level 3.E-Catalonia Platform for information- exchange

To design and implement a Local Plan for Social Inclusion 1.multi-annual (6-years) 2.cross- sector: education, employment, health, migration, gender, housing, social assistance 3.multi-issue: youth, elderly, family support, community mediation, 4.inter-administrative, as different departments are involved 5.multi-actor: different level of governments and private actors (no profit organization, societal actors, firms, The Question BEST PRACTICE A

1.Weak administrative capacities in small municipalities (data gathering, strategic planning indicators; 2.Policy Coherence with already existing sectorial plans (migration, social assistance,..) 3.Coordination and cooperation with other departments of publ admin. 4.Political commitment to a more integrated cross-cutting policy 5.Managing participation: participation vs deliberation Expected problems To design and implement a Local Plan for Social Inclusion The Question

To design and implement a Local Plan for Social Inclusion The Question Framework and institutional actors : the rule of the game

1.Weak administrative capacities in small municipalities (data gathering, strategic planning indicators; 2.Policy Coherence with already existing sectorial plans (migration, social assistance,..) 3.Coordination and cooperation with other departments of publ admin. 4.Political commitment to a more integrated cross-cutting policy 5.Managing participation: participation vs deliberation Expected problems To design and implement a Local Plan for Social Inclusion The Question 1.integrated territorial strategy for local social inclusion from a multi-level and multi-actor perspective; 2.design of interdepartamental local policies that permit a multi- sector approach to local inclusion; 3.promotion of participative mechanisms in the definition and implementation of local actions by including societal actors and beneficiaries Main results

Lesson learned from both case-study 1.National, regional and local plans mutually foster each other when European guidelines are properly included and planning activities are shared; 2.Economic circumstances have an important impact. Therefore: goals and expectations must be adjusted to real circumstances; 3.Local authorities need of some degree of autonomy in developing plans in response to local needs; 4.Political commitment and leadership is a basic pre-condition. 5.In order to measure and evaluate performance and variables, indicators are needed. For this task, regional statistical offices are key actors. 6.Administrative time should be reduced in order to speed up processes and avoid inertia; 7.Civil society participation is crucial but the content of participation should be clarified since the very beginning 8.Clear and transparent rules of the game for all stakeholders increase the legitimacy of the process;