Cells and life

What do all living things have in common? There are 8 characteristics that all things have in common. There are 8 characteristics that all things have in common.

The characteristics of life: 1. Living things are made up of cells.

2. Living things reproduce.

3. Living things are based on a universal genetic code.

4. Living things grow and develop.

5. Living things obtain and use materials and energy.

6. Living things respond to their environment.

7. Living things maintain a stable internal environment.

8. As a group, living things change over time (evolve).

Life Processes video

What exactly is a cell? Cell: a collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier (membrane) that separates the cell from its surroundings. Cell: a collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier (membrane) that separates the cell from its surroundings. Cells are the smallest unit of life. Cells are the smallest unit of life.

Cell Theory There are 3 components of the Cell theory: Component #1  All living things are composed (made of) cells.

Component #2 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

Component #3 3. New cells are produced from existing cells.

Exceptions to the cell theory – Exceptions to the cell theory – 1. Viruses: 1. Viruses: they are able to reproduce only within a living cell. they are able to reproduce only within a living cell. 2. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 2. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts A) each contain their own DNA A) each contain their own DNA B) are able to reproduce by themselves. B) are able to reproduce by themselves.

Cells are broken into 2 groups: 1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic

ProkaryoticEukaryotic Found only in Kingdom Monera (bacteria) Found in Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia No True Nucleus (has DNA but not in a nucleus) True Nucleus: (has DNA in a nucleus) No membrane bound organelles (ex: mitochondria) Contains cytoplasm and has membrane bound organelles

Pics of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Cells are Freakin Amazing: Each cell is capable of carrying out all of the life functions. Each cell has the same exact DNA and all the directions to make you (the whole organism) But Cells vary in size, shape, structure and function. How can this be?

lung cell brain cell

The DNA has thousands of different genes. The DNA has thousands of different genes. Each gene is a set of instructions. Each gene is a set of instructions. For example, you have a gene for eye color. For example, you have a gene for eye color. That gene has directions to create your blue eyes. That gene has directions to create your blue eyes. Every cell in your body (trillions of them) has this gene Every cell in your body (trillions of them) has this gene

Every cell has the same exact genes but some genes can be turned off and some on. (like a light switch) Every cell has the same exact genes but some genes can be turned off and some on. (like a light switch) A heart cells has different genes turned on and off, than a brain cell. A heart cells has different genes turned on and off, than a brain cell. The heart and brain cell have all the same genes, but vary in which one are turned on and off. The heart and brain cell have all the same genes, but vary in which one are turned on and off.

Components of Living Things Cell Structure Cells have particular structures or organelles that perform specific jobs. Cell Structure Cells have particular structures or organelles that perform specific jobs. Organelle: specialized structure that performs the life activities within the cell. Organelle: specialized structure that performs the life activities within the cell. Organelles are just like organs such as the heart and lungs Organelles are just like organs such as the heart and lungs The are the organs of the cell. The are the organs of the cell.

Cell Organelles include: 1. Nucleus: Structure: Structure: surrounded by a semi permeable nuclear membrane with pores. surrounded by a semi permeable nuclear membrane with pores. Lets things in and out Lets things in and out

Nucleus: Function The “brains” of the cell; directs cell activities and contains genetic material called chromosomes that are made of DNA. The “brains” of the cell; directs cell activities and contains genetic material called chromosomes that are made of DNA.

Contents of the nucleus: A) nucleolus –made up of DNA, RNA and protein. Ribosomes are made here in the nucleoli B) chromatin – long, threadlike strands of DNA, This is the hereditary material of the cell.

2. Mitochondria Structure: Structure: hot-dog shaped hot-dog shaped Has a double membrane (outer and inner). Has a double membrane (outer and inner). Inner is call crystae: Most chemical reactions occur here. Inner is call crystae: Most chemical reactions occur here.

Mitochondria function: Known as the power house: Why? Known as the power house: Why? Make energy in the form of ATP using food we eat and oxygen we breath. Make energy in the form of ATP using food we eat and oxygen we breath. What is this process called? What is this process called? Cellular respiration is the process in which ATP is made in the mitochondria. Cellular respiration is the process in which ATP is made in the mitochondria.

most cell contain between 300 and 800 Muscle cells have thousands of them. Why do muscles cells need more mitochondria? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Remember that mitochondria have their own DNA

3. Ribosomes Structure: Tiny organelles found on ER and free in cytoplasm.

Ribosome function: proteins are assemble here. proteins are assemble here. Amino acids are linked together to form a long chain, a macromolecule Amino acids are linked together to form a long chain, a macromolecule Proteins AKA polypeptides. Proteins AKA polypeptides. What type of bond forms between amino acids: peptide bond. What type of bond forms between amino acids: peptide bond.

4. Golgi Apparatus (Golgi body): Structure: Structure: Flat folded membranes Flat folded membranes usually located near the nucleus. usually located near the nucleus.

Golgi Function: Make, process and package proteins. Make, process and package proteins. Then the golgi sends proteins to their final destination Then the golgi sends proteins to their final destination where ever they are needed by the body where ever they are needed by the body

5. Lysosome: Structure: Structure: Small sac Small sac

Lysosome function Function: Function: Breaks down food in cell using digestive enzymes Breaks down food in cell using digestive enzymes Also breaks down old organelles Also breaks down old organelles

6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Structure: Structure: fluid filled channels surrounded by membranes fluid filled channels surrounded by membranes found throughout the cytoplasm. found throughout the cytoplasm.

ER function Function A) intracellular (within cell) transport: moves things around cell A) intracellular (within cell) transport: moves things around cell B. surface area for biochemical reactions

2 types of ER 1)smooth – no ribosomes attached 2) rough – ribosomes attached

7. Vacuole: Structure: little sac, kinda looks like a lysosome

Vacuole function Used for storage, vacuoles usually contain water or food. Used for storage, vacuoles usually contain water or food. (Are you are thirsty? Perhaps your vacuoles need some water!) (Are you are thirsty? Perhaps your vacuoles need some water!)

8. Cytoplasm: Structure: region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.

Cytoplasm function Function – A) holds organelles B) Site of many chemical reactions C) has enzymes needed for these reactions

9. Cell membrane (plasma membrane) Structure: thin membrane that surrounds the cell. thin membrane that surrounds the cell. It separates in inside from the outside. It separates in inside from the outside.

Cell membrane function: Function controls transport of materials into & out of the cell controls transport of materials into & out of the cell therefore maintaining homeostasis within the cell. therefore maintaining homeostasis within the cell.

These organelles are found only in plants: 10. Chloroplasts Structure Structure system of double membranes. system of double membranes..

Chloroplast function Use energy from sunlight to create sugar by photosynthesis Use energy from sunlight to create sugar by photosynthesisphotosynthesis contain green pigment chlorophyll contain green pigment chlorophyll

11. Cell Wall 11. Cell Wall Structure: Structure: Outer most part of cell Outer most part of cell lies outside plasma membrane. lies outside plasma membrane.

Cell wall function: supports and protects the plant cell. supports and protects the plant cell. Has pores that allow free passage of materials. Has pores that allow free passage of materials. the cell wall is not alive and is not selectively permeable the cell wall is not alive and is not selectively permeable

13. Cilia & Flagella – 13. Cilia & Flagella – Structure: Structure: hair like structures hair like structures Function – movement A) Cilia – usually many present & are small. (Ex. Paramecium) B) Flagella – usually one or two present & larger. (Ex. Sperm)

Cell organelles -understanding-cells-the-organelles- video.htm -understanding-cells-the-organelles- video.htm -understanding-cells-the-organelles- video.htm -understanding-cells-the-organelles- video.htm

ProkaryotesEukaryotes Cell membrane Ribosomes Cell wall Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Animal CellsPlant Cells Lysosomes Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts Section 7-2 Venn Diagrams Go to Section:

Parts of a plant and animal cell.

Create your own cell.

Organization of Living things Organization of Living things 1. cells 1. cells 2. tissues 2. tissues 3. organs 3. organs 4. organ systems 4. organ systems 5. whole organisms 5. whole organisms

Organizational Levels of life Living things have different levels of organization. Living things have different levels of organization. Cell: The simplest level of organization Cell: The simplest level of organization Tissue: A group of cells with a similar function. Tissue: A group of cells with a similar function. Organs: Groups of tissues working together to perform a common function. Organs: Groups of tissues working together to perform a common function. An example of this would include the nervous, muscle, and other tissues which make up the heart. An example of this would include the nervous, muscle, and other tissues which make up the heart.

Organizational Levels Organ System: Groups of organs working together to perform a common function Organ System: Groups of organs working together to perform a common function The blood vessels, blood, and the heart are organs which work together to form the circulatory system. The blood vessels, blood, and the heart are organs which work together to form the circulatory system. Whole Organism: Many different systems function together to allow a complex organism to function. Whole Organism: Many different systems function together to allow a complex organism to function.

Muscle cellSmooth muscle tissueStomachDigestive system Section 7- 4 Levels of Organization Go to Section:

Living vs. Nonliving Living things carry out almost all the life processes or activities. Living things carry out almost all the life processes or activities. Non-living things are not able to carrying one or more of the life processes. Non-living things are not able to carrying one or more of the life processes. Metabolism: The sum of the energy used in all the life processes Metabolism: The sum of the energy used in all the life processes

Life Processes Complex organisms require many different organ systems to carry out life activities. Complex organisms require many different organ systems to carry out life activities. Life Processes include: 1. Digestion breakdown of food to simpler molecules which can enter the cells

2. Circulation the movement of materials within an organism or its cells 3. Movement (locomotion) change in position by a living thing

4. Excretion removal of waste products by an organism (wastes may include carbon dioxide, water, and urea in urine and sweat) 4. Excretion removal of waste products by an organism (wastes may include carbon dioxide, water, and urea in urine and sweat) 5. Respiration process which converts the energy in food to ATP (the form of energy which can be used by the cells) 5. Respiration process which converts the energy in food to ATP (the form of energy which can be used by the cells)

 6. Reproduction the making of more organisms of one's own kind -- not needed by an individual living thing but is needed by its species  7. Immunity the ability of an organism to resist disease causing organisms and foreign invaders

8. Coordination the control of the various activities of an organism (mostly involves the nervous system and endocrine glands in complex animals) 8. Coordination the control of the various activities of an organism (mostly involves the nervous system and endocrine glands in complex animals)

9. Synthesis the production of more complex substances by combining two or more simpler substances 9. Synthesis the production of more complex substances by combining two or more simpler substances It is important to realize that cell organelles are involved in many of these life processes, as well as the organ systems of complex organisms. It is important to realize that cell organelles are involved in many of these life processes, as well as the organ systems of complex organisms.

Life process video