Eukaryotic Cell Structures

Roles within a football team

CELL PARTS OBJ: Describe relationships between structure and function of organelles

Cytoplasm Clear, gelatinous fluid inside the cell Found in both plant and animal cells

Cytoplasm Clear, gelatinous fluid inside the cell Found in both plant and animal cells

Cytoplasm Holds all of the organelles in place Cushions and protects the internal organelles

Cytoplasm Holds all of the organelles in place Cushions and protects the internal organelles

Organelles the “tiny organs” of a cell required for the cell to function Only present in EUKAROTES! Specific – have different jobs within the cell

Organelles the “tiny organs” of a cell required for the cell to function Only present in EUKAROTES! Specific – have different jobs within the cell

Organelles the “tiny organs” of a cell required for the cell to function Only present in EUKAROTES! Specific – have different jobs within the cell

Organelles Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton

Nucleus The control center of the cell, “the brain”

Nucleus Surrounded by the nuclear envelope ◦ made of two membranes ◦ this membrane has pores to allow substances in and out of the nucleus

Nucleus Surrounded by the nuclear envelope ◦ made of two membranes ◦ this membrane has pores to allow substances in and out of the nucleus

Nucleus Contains almost all of the cell’s DNA ◦ instructions for making proteins ◦ chromatin – DNA bound to a protein (IMP for cell division)

Nucleus The nucleolus is found in the nucleus ◦ ribosome's are assembled

Organelles Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton

Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis ◦ Use the instructions from DNA to make proteins Small particles of RNA and protein found all over the cytoplasm

Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis ◦ Use the instructions from DNA to make proteins Small particles of RNA and protein found all over the cytoplasm

Organelles Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – intracellular highway Where lipids are assembled in the cell, and proteins and other materials are exported from the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – intracellular highway Rough ER is dotted with ribosomes ◦ responsible for the assembly of proteins ◦ proteins leave the ribosomes after synthesis and are chemically modified in the rough ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – intracellular highway Smooth ER is the outer part of the ER ◦ Does not have ribosome's attached ◦ Lipids can be synthesized ◦ Liver cells responsible for detox of the blood contains lots of smooth ER

ER (rough and smooth)

Organelles Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton

Golgi Apparatus Modifies, sorts and packages proteins from the ER for storage in the cell, or secretion out of the cell ◦ “the Post Office of the cell”

Organelles Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton

Lysosomes Small organelles filled with digestive enzymes Digests/breaks down old organelles, lipids, carbs, and proteins (the “junk” in the cell) Tay-Sachs disease can be linked to poorly performing lysosomes

Lysosomes Small organelles filled with digestive enzymes Digests/breaks down old organelles, lipids, carbs, and proteins (the “junk” in the cell) Tay-Sachs disease can be linked to poorly performing lysosomes

Lysosomes Small organelles filled with digestive enzymes Digests/breaks down old organelles, lipids, carbs, and proteins (the “junk” in the cell) Tay-Sachs disease can be linked to poorly performing lysosomes- enzyme breaks down lipids no longer works

Organelles Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton

Vacuoles Cell storage (for water, food, wastes, salts, proteins, and carbs) Plant cells contain a single large vacuole…why? s/Copper-deficiency-vacuoles-100x.jpg

Organelles Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton

Mitochondria Found in both plant and animal cells Convert chemical energy from food into compounds that the cell is able to use ◦ Energy conversions ◦ called “the powerhouse” of the cell

Mitochondria Cellular respiration takes place in this organelle Contains its own DNA separate from that of the nucleus (could this mean that they come from ancient prokaryotes?)

Organelles Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton

Chloroplasts Found in plant cells only! Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis Chlorophyll is found inside of these organelles Also contain their own DNA (like mitochondria) –

Chloroplasts Found in plant cells only! Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis Chlorophyll is found inside of these organelles Also contain their own DNA (like mitochondria) –

Chloroplasts

Organelles Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton Provides the framework for the cell Made of protein filaments to help maintain shape for the eukaryotic cell (also helps with movement)

Cytoskeleton ◦ Microfilaments = threadlike structures made of protein ◦ Microtubules = hollow structures made of proteins (also form the spindle for cell division using the centrioles with are found only in animal cells) ◦ Centrioles = help organize cell division in animal cells

Cytoskeleton ◦ Microfilaments = threadlike structures made of protein ◦ Microtubules = hollow structures made of proteins (also form the spindle for cell division using the centrioles with are found only in animal cells) ◦ Centrioles = help organize cell division in animal cells

Cytoskeleton ◦ Microfilaments = threadlike structures made of protein ◦ Microtubules = hollow structures made of proteins (also form the spindle for cell division using the centrioles with are found only in animal cells) ◦ Centrioles = help organize cell division in animal cells

Cell Boundaries

Plasma Membrane/ Cell membrane Boundary between the cell and its environment Allows nutrients into and out of the cell as necessary ◦ (no matter what the external conditions may be) – it controls what enters and leaves

Cell wall Provides support and protection for the plant cell Composed mainly of cellulose (a sugar that we cannot breakdown/digest) Found only in plant cells iumehrenbergii2.jpg

PLANT CELLS VERSE ANIMAL CELLS OBJ: compare and contrast plant and animal cells

Plant Cells Cell Wall ◦ (makes cell typically square in shape) Cell membrane AKA plasma membrane Chloroplasts/chlorophyll ◦ (gives cell green color) Large central vacuole

Animal Cells Cell membrane AKA plasma membrane Small vacuole No cell wall ◦ allows cell to be round in shape No chloroplasts/chlorophyll (not green in color) Cell.jpg

Cell Factory US MANUFACTURING 1.Nucleus- stores blueprints 2.Ribosomes- Manufacturing proteins 3.Rough ER- Packaging and Shipping 4.Vesicle- UPS 5.Golgi Apparatus- Packaging and shipping 6.Cell Membrane – Port for exportation