Mood Disorders Kimberley Clow

Outline What are mood disorders?  Depression  Mania Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder Causes Treatment

Thoughts… Have you ever felt sad, pessimistic, or worthless? Have you ever felt like a failure? Last year, there were 6,303,776 injuries causing limitations to normal activity for people aged Divorce rates are on the rise  1/1000 divorce in the first year  5.1% in the second year  17% in the third year  23.6% in the fourth year

The Moods Depression  A low, miserable, unhappy mood  Feelings of worthlessness, and pessimism  Altered sleep and appetite  Inability to experience pleasure Mania  Extremely high or agitated mood  Person feels excessively and unrealistically positive  Feelings of elation and a strong sense of pleasure  Grandiose ideas  Hyperactive

Depression Depressing Facts  1 in 5 adults will experience depression Emotional Symptoms  Depressed or Dysphoric Mood  Anhedonia Physical Symptoms  Somatic Complaints  Motor Retardation  Sleep Disturbances  Weight Loss

Cognitive Symptoms Distorted Thinking  All or Nothing Thinking  Overgeneralization  Mental Filter  Disqualifying the Positive  Jumping to Conclusions  Emotional Reasoning  Personalization Pessimistic, self-critical thinking often leads to thoughts of suicide

Suicide Different Types  Death Seekers  Death Initiators  Death Ignorers  Death Darers Warning Signs Gender Differences

Psychotic Symptoms Seen in the most severely depressed individuals  Delusions  Hallucinations Relation to Depression  Mood Congruent Symptoms are consistent with the person's depressed thinking  Mood Incongruent Symptoms are inconsistent with the person's depressed thinking

Course of Major Depressive Disorder The average duration of an untreated episode of depression is between 8 and 10 months  Cyclical disorder  Rarely experience just 1 episode The episode is usually triggered by a major life stressor Major depressive disorder can begin at any age  Most typical during the mid-twenties

Variants Dysthyic Disorder  Symptoms less severe  More chronic form of depression Double Depression  Person suffers Dysthymia and Unipolar Depression Dysthymia develops first Major Depressive episode occurs later

Mania The Facts  10-20% who suffer a depressive episode develop bipolar disorder  Gender Differences Emotional Symptoms  Inflated Self-Esteem  Elation or Irritation Physical Symptoms  Decreased need for sleep Cognitive Symptoms  Distractible  Goal Directed Behaviour

Bipolar Disorder Characterized by  Periods of depression alternating with mania  Bipolar I or Bipolar II Possible  Mixed Episodes  Rapid Cycling Variants  Hypomania  Cyclothymic

Bipolar vs. Depression Gender  Gender equality Age  Similar onset SES  High SES Stress  Little effect Gender  More women Age  Similar onset SES  Equal opportunity Stress  Triggers & Worsens

Biological Factors Depression and mania tend to be episodic in nature Many of the symptoms are disruptions in vital bodily functions  sleep, eating, and sexual activity Disorders run in families Can be induced by drugs

Cognitive Behavioural Factors

Aaron Beck

Diathesis-Stress Model Onset or relapse of depression is more likely following a major loss  Death, divorce, loss of self-worth related to unemployment Trauma and stress not enough to predict depression  Need to consider the context and the meaning of the event Supportive context vs lack of support Catastrophic interpretations

Psychoanalysis Depression due to real or symbolic loss  Failure to properly grieve Caused by fixation in the oral stage

Treatment Drug Therapy  Have you heard of Prozac or Paxil? Alleviate Depression Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) Linked to suicide!  Have you heard of Lithium? Alleviate Bipolar Disorder Increases reuptake of norepinephrine Toxic!

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy What Works Best? CBT = Cognitive Behavioural Therapy