Class 10 : Trent, and Three Sons of Trent Dr. Ann T. Orlando 19 February 2016

Rome in Later 16 th C Center of Catholic Spiritual Power Combined with Spanish military might, world- wide reach “Stubborn” emphasis on (reformed) discipline and doctrine rejected by Protestants  Sacraments  Tradition  Saints  Importance of Papacy  Art in service of religion: the Baroque

Catholic Response: Council of Trent Called by Pope Paul III Lengthy, intermittent ( )  Pope initially reluctant to call council because of bad experiences with councils (especially Council of Constance) in 15th C  Purpose was both to address reform of practice and to uphold Catholic doctrine  Developed in several sessions Jesuits play a major theological role at Trent; encouraged explicit statement of Catholic doctrine in opposition to Protestant views

Politics Behind Council Charles V wanted control of Council; insisted that it occur in his territory, and control over bishops Also, successors of Paul III, Julius III and Paul IV, not in favor of council  Limited control over French bishops  Not in favor of some reforms Structure of Council in 25 Sessions scattered across 3 Periods  Period I ( )  Period II ( )  Period III ( )

First Period Key Results Includes Bull of Convocation, Sessions 1-10; Pope Paul III Emphasis on Nicene Creed and Tradition Definitive statement concerning books of NT and OT; Latin Vulgate declared adequate for doctrinal proofs Number of sacraments fixed at 7 Justification: man cooperates with God’s grace

Second Period ( ) Includes Sessions 11-16; Pope Julius III Degree on Eucharist that defined Real Presence;  Transubstantiation Sacrament of Penance revised

Third Period ( ) Sessions 18-25; Pope Pius IV Resolution that bishops should live in their diocese Catechism of Trent Revised missal and breviary Mass as true sacrifice Reform decrees on clerical behavior and revision of seminary rules

Key Theological Statements from Trent Scripture and Tradition Sacraments are effective through performance of sacramental action, ex opere operato Affirmed Mass as sacrifice and transubstantiation Affirmed 7 sacraments Good works together with faith brings about salvation Affirmed indulgences and intercession of saints

Trent and Seminaries Recall that universities had been the primary locus for clerical training  By the 13 th C, run by academics, not bishops  Included a broad cross-section of students  Emphasis increasingly on intellectual but not moral formation  By 16 th C increasingly tied to monarchies Trent Session 23 on Seminaries  Every bishop should establish a seminary in his diocese; the bishop is directly responsible for the seminary  Seminary dedicated to education of clerg y

Seminarian Formation Seminarians should wear clerical dress at all times  To keep always in mind that they are ecclesiastics Seminarians should study a range of skills including  Biblical studies  Philosophy and theology  Homiletics, especially studying homilies of the Fathers  Practical skills such as accounting Seminarians should develop a strong spiritual life  Daily Mass  Spiritual director and confessor  Attend to parish or diocesan assignments on feast days

St. Charles Borromeo ( ) From northern Italy, parents placed him in a monastery school as a young boy Studied for priesthood at university in Pavia Quickly rose to be Archbishop of Milan and Secretary of State  Charles was a key intermediary between Pius IV (Charles’ uncle) and the Council  Significantly contributed to Tridentine catechism As Archbishop of Milan  Instituted the seminary directives from Trent  Encouraged lay spiritual formation  Beloved in Milan for having personally cared for sick during a plague

St. Robert Bellarmine ( ) Born in Italy; attended schools run by Jesuits Entered Jesuit order 1560 Writes De Controversiis 1576  Systematic work based on Council of Trent As chief theologian in Curia, he was able to ensure degrees of Trent were implemented Declared saint and doctor of Church in 1930

St Francis de Sales ( ) Born in eastern France, educated by Jesuits As a young man studying theology, was very concerned about predestination  In prayer before a statue of Mary, his fears were relieved  Decided to lead a celibate life  Over his father’s objection entered ecclesial life As a priest he was known for the insight of his confessions, and the force of his preaching He was named bishop of Geneva (in absentia) in 1602  Lived a very simple life as bishop  Great care for poor  Known for kindness  Along with St, Jean de Chantal founded Visitation sisters  Started catechetical programs for lay people Died praying “God’s will be done; Jesus my God and my all” Canonized 1665; declared doctor of Church 1877

Introduction to the Devout Life Widely influential in his own time Introduction was translated into every European language almost immediately Why such an impact then (and now)  Written for layman (really woman)  Written in a spirit of understanding and gentleness with the human condition Nothing really new, but repackaged in the light of Reformation and Trent  Emphasis on Confession  Emphasis on authority of Fathers

Impact of Trent Catholicism in Early Modern World  Reiterated tradition  Defined Catholicism as opposed to Protestants Gave the Church a unified teaching program against the Protestants Made Jesuits the theologians of the Church at beginning of modern period  Note, Jesuits not tied to local bishops  But don’t count the Dominicans out… Relation between Trent and Vatican II still being worked out

But Theological Debates On Justification Within Church Continue: Dominicans and Jesuits A continuing discussion within the Church on grace and works  Dominicans of 16 th, 17 th C tended more toward grace; interested in universals  Jesuits toward works, interested in particulars  Congregatio de Auxiliis called by Clement VIII in 1598 to settle dispute  On the advice of St. Francis de Sales, in 1607 Pope Paul V degreed that the Jesuits could not call the Dominicans Calvinstis; nor were the Dominicans Jesuits allowed to call the Jesuits Pelagians In renewed sacrament of penance, Jesuit development of casuistry  De-emphasize universal moral principles  ‘Sinfulness’ dependent on particulars of the agent and his circumstances In early 17 th C Bishop of Ypres, Cornelius Jansenius ( ) will write massive Augustinus published in 1640  Opposition to Jesuits (Molina in particular), but also some aspects of Dominican position  Strongly anti-Pelagian, but also questioned value of philosophy (Aristotelianism) to lead to the truths of faith

Assignments 1. Trent Decrees on Scripture, Sacraments, Justification, Indulgences in Bettenson ed. Documents of the Christian Church Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Francis De Sales Devout Life, Prayer, Preface and First Part of Introduction in Introduction to the Devout Life, available at