: The World at War : The World at War
Differing Viewpoints “ Family Feud ” “ Fall of the Eagles ” “ The War to End All Wars ” “ The War to ‘ Make the World Safe for Democracy ’”
Causes of the War
1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:
Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:
The Major Players: Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]
Europe in 1914
2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
4. Aggressive Nationalism
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “ Powder Keg ” of Europe
The “Spark”
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip
Who ’ s To Blame?
The Schlieffen Plan
German Atrocities in Belgium
Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! But my heart's right there! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! Home by Christmas! No major war in 50 years! Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism!
Recruitment Posters
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother
New French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
Women and the War Effort
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
Spies “ Mata Hari ” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! “ Mata Hari ” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!
Posters: Wartime Propaganda
Australian Poster
American Poster
Financing the War
German Poster Think of Your Children!
The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”
A Multi-Front War
The Western Front
Trench Warfare
“ No Man ’ s Land ”
Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in War
Krupp ’ s “ Big Bertha ” Gun
The Eastern Front
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
T. E. Lawrence & the “ Arab Revolt ”,
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles,
The Tsar with General Brusilov
The “Colonial” Fronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]
Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China
America Joins the Allies
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The Airplane “ Squadron Over the Brenta ” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “ Red Baron ” ] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “ Mick ” Mannoch, Br.
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “ Red Baron? ”
The Zeppelin
Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers
Poison Gas Machine Gun
“Art” of World War I
“ A Street in Arras ” John Singer Sargent, 1918
“ Oppy Wood ” – John Nash, 1917
“ Those Who Have Lost Their Names ” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“ Gassed and Wounded ” Eric Kennington, 1918
“ Paths of Glory ” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
German Cartoon: “ Fit for active service! ”, 1918
1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died
11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!
9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead
The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died
World War I Casualties
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197, Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800
The French wanted to crush Germany in the same place where Bismarck formed it in 1871.
Georges Clemenceau (France) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) David Lloyd George (Britain) Woodrow Wilson (US) Although there were delegates from 39 nations at the conference, the important decisions were made by the leaders of the three strongest Allied powers: the US, Britain, and France.
Wilson wanted “ peace without victory, ” and wanted defeated nations to be treated well to avoid a war of revenge in the future. Wilson introduced America ’ s goals his Fourteen Points, which were admired by the Germans, but not the other Allies. Wilson wanted to eliminate the basic causes of war, such as conflicts over nationalism and imperialism. United States
Self-determination – the idea that the peoples of Eastern Europe would chose their own form of government. Wilson also called for an end to alliances, a reduction of military arms, and self- determination. Wilson also argued for freedom of the seas, and the formation of the League of Nations. League of Nations – a group of countries with the goal of settling disputes through negotiation, rather than war.
The opposite of Wilson was Clemenceau from France who was nicknamed the “ Tiger ” for his fierce war policy. France Clemenceau wanted to crush the Germans so that they could never again invade France. Clemenceau felt that Wilson wanted to be too soft on Germany and said, “ Wilson has Fourteen Points…God Almighty has only ten! ”
3. Germany was forbidden to have an Army over 100,000 men, no submarines, and no air force. 4. Germany lost Territory and colonies to Britain and France. Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France, land was lost to Poland, and the Rhineland was to be occupied by Allied troops. 2. Germany had to pay over $33 billion in Reparations, or fines. BRAT 1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war in the form of a “war guilt” clause. Germany Germany ’ s punishment in the Treaty can be remembered as:
The industrial Rhineland would be occupied by Allied troops for 15 years.
Germany lost Alsace, Lorraine, north Schleswig, and the Polish Corridor.
The break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire led to the independence of four new nations: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro made up Yugoslavia. Austria, deprived of its entire empire, became a small nation. Austria- Hungary Ally Romania gained land, while Central Power Bulgaria lost land.
The weak Ottoman Empire (Turkey) was also broken up. Ottoman Empire Some of the territories were given independence, while others such as Palestine, Iraq, and Syria were given to Britain and France.
Communist Russia Four new nations gained independence from Russia : Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Russia also lost land to Poland and Romania. Since Russia ’ s new communist government left the war early, they were not invited to Versailles. The Allies wanted to weaken Russia to keep communism from spreading westward.
Land Russia lost
President Wilson succeeded in forming the League of Nations. The countries that joined the League promised to take cooperative economic and military actions against any aggressive country. Wilson ’ s Creation Although Wilson ’ s idea, the United States Congress rejected the League because Americans feared it would pull them into future European wars. The lack of the US severely weakened the League.
Many nations were upset with the Treaty of Versailles, and felt their goals had not been achieved. Germany was horrified by their reparations, reduced military, and territorial losses. Italy wanted to gain more land from Austria than it received. Americans also felt the Treaty was too harsh on Germany, and the US Congress refused to approve it. Japan was angry because the Allies did not recognize all of its claims in China.
China was angry that Japan had been given Germany’s sphere of influence. Russia was angry they were not invited to Versailles, and upset over losing Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Unfortunately, the treaty that ended the “ war to end all wars ” merely provided the motivation for WWII, just twenty years later.