Slavery in American History ( )

Slavery in American History ■ In 1619, the 1 st African slaves were introduced in the colonies ■ By 1660, slave labor replaced indentured servitude as the main colonial labor system: – Slaves worked on tobacco & rice plantations in Southern colonies – Slaves worked as domestic servants in Northern colonies

Before the American Revolution, slaves were present in each of the 13 colonies The Northwest Ordinance (1787), outlawed slavery By 1804, 9 outlawed slavery In 1808, the USA outlawed the African slave trade The Revolutionary War ( ) changed attitudes towards slavery But, the Founding Fathers did not abolish slavery

From 1800 to 1860, sectional tension increased as slavery expanded into the West “King Cotton” became dominant & increased slavery in the South

Slavery in America, 1860 From 1800 to 1860, sectional tension increased as slavery expanded into the West 1860 Texas Mexican Cession During Manifest Destiny, tensions over slavery increased as Texas & the Mexican Cession were added The Compromises of 1820 & 1850 only temporarily settled the issue Abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, & Harriet Beecher Stowe attacked slavery Sectional events led to Civil War: Bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott case, John Brown’s Raid, Election of Lincoln in 1860

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 which made the Civil War about slavery

Reconstruction & the Jim Crow Era ( )

The Union victory in the Civil War led to the:  13 th Amendment (ended slavery)  14 th Amendment (citizenship for freedmen)  15 th Amendment (voting rights for freedmen)  Freedman’s Bureau & five military zones The South responded with the KKK & black codes; Reconstruction ended in 1877

States with Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow laws created segregation  Poll taxes, literacy tests, & grandfather clauses  Most blacks were sharecroppers In 1896, the Supreme Court declared “separate but equal” in the Plessy v Ferguson case Civil rights leaders WEB DuBois & Booker T Washington fought against segregation laws; the NAACP was formed to help African Americans

World War I & the 1920s During WWI, the Great Migration led African American workers into the North; Black soldiers fought in segregated units In the 1920s, African Americans experienced the Harlem Renaissance In the 1930s, FDR’s New Deal discriminated against black workers

World War II In WWII, the Great Migration helped break sharecropping in the South A. Philip Randolph pressured FDR to create the Fair Employment Practices Commission

In the 1950s, white flight to the suburbs & Jim Crow laws left the U.S. segregated

The Modern Civil Rights Movement ( )

By 1950, the United States was a segregated society: Jim Crow laws throughout the South created a segregated society (de jure segregation) White flight to the suburbs left African Americans in poor inner cities (de facto segregation)

But after WWII, African Americans gained success in civil rights In 1948, Truman became the 1 st president to attack segregation Truman issued an executive order to integrate the military He outlawed discrimination in the hiring of government employees

Jackie Robinson signing his professional contract with Brooklyn Dodgers owner Branch Rickey in 1945 Robinson made his MLB debut in 1947 Robinson won Rookie of the Year in 1947 Robinson won National League MVP in 1949 In 1947, Jackie Robinson was the 1 st black major league baseball playerJackie Robinson

The modern Civil Rights movement began in 1954 with the Supreme Court decision Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas The NAACP took the lead in civil rights; Segregated schools became their primary target Their strategy was to use lawsuits to challenge that segregation violated the 14 th Amendment

Brown v Board of Education in 1954 The Topeka school district denied Linda Brown from attending a white school 4 blocks from her house NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall used the 14 th Amendment to attack public school segregation Marshall argued that even “equal” schools, if separate, imply that black children are inferior to whites

The Supreme Court’s unanimous decision in Brown v Board of Education (1954) ruled “separate facilities are inherently unequal” Chief Justice Earl Warren stated that segregation violated the “equal protection clause” of the 14 th Amendment

The decision overturned the Plessy v Ferguson (1896) “separate but equal” precedent

The Brown decision was divisive: Schools integrated in Baltimore, St Louis, & Washington DC But Southern state leaders vowed to resist integration & the KKK returned to block integration At first, President Eisenhower left enforcement of Brown up to states & did not enforce the decision

Resistance to Brown “The people of Georgia will not comply with the decision of the court… We're going to do whatever is necessary in Georgia to keep white children in white schools and colored children in colored schools."

In 1957, President Eisenhower was forced to support integration Arkansas governor Orval Faubus called the National Guard to keep black students from enrolling in Little Rock’s Central High School Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus

Eisenhower sent the Army to force integration for the black students (the “Little Rock Nine”)Little Rock Nine

Conclusions ■ The Brown v BOE decision was the first major step towards ending Jim Crow segregation in America – The NAACP provided a model for other civil rights leaders to follow by using the 14 th Amendment – Resistance to Brown revealed that civil rights leaders could not rely on the gov’t to protect rights ■ New leaders would soon emerge to take charge of the movement