The Napoleonic Era--Time Line 1769Napoleon Bonaparte is born in Corsica The War of the First Coalition. 1797Napoleon defeats Austrians in northern Italy Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign The War of the Second Coalition. 1799Napoleon seizes power; becomes first consul. 1801Concordat of 1801 establishes a reconciliation between France and the papacy.

The Napoleonic Era--Time Line 1802Napoleon becomes first consul for life. 1804Napoleon’s civil law code takes effect. Napoleon becomes emperor of the French War of the Third Coalition is fought. 1806Napoleon creates the Confederation of the Rhine and abolishes the Holy Roman Empire. Napoleon establishes the Continental System. 1812Napoleon’s Russian campaign.

The Napoleonic Era--Time Line 1813Russia, Prussia, and Austria defeat Napoleon in the Battle of the Nations. 1814Napoleon abdicates and goes into exile on the island of Elba. 1815Napoleon returns to power, beginning the Hundred Days. Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo. 1821Napoleon dies on Saint Helena.

The Emergence of Napoleon Early Life –Born in Corsica, Corsica was a French territory. Napoleon was a French citizen. –Entered military school at 10. –Student at the military academy in Paris at 14. –Commissioned a lieutenant of artillery at 16. –At its beginning, an ardent supporter of the revolution.

The Emergence of Napoleon In 1793, during War of the First Coalition, Napoleon developed a plan that helped the French recapture Toulon. In Oct. 1795, Napoleon’s artillery dispersed a mob assaulting the National Convention. –The “Whiff of Grapeshot” These achievements bring him to the attention of the revolutionary leaders. Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais, whose contacts advanced his career.

The Emergence of Napoleon Napoleon’s Early Military Successes –1796, at age 27, Napoleon took command of the French army in Italy. –French defeated the Austrians and Sardinian allies. –Treaty of Campo Formio Annexed Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) while Austria acquired the Venetian Republic. Ended War of the First Coalition.

The Emergence of Napoleon Napoleon’s Egyptian Campaign –1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt. Threat to British control of the eastern Mediterranean and their hold on India. Aug., 1798, Battle of the Nile. Nelson’s victory at Alexandria. French army stranded in Egypt.

The Emergence of Napoleon Beginning of the War of the Second Coalition ( ) –While Napoleon was in Egypt, Russia allied with Great Britain. Austria, Portugal, Naples, Ottoman Empire joined, beginning the War of the Second Coalition. –Russia dropped out within a year. –French defeats in Italy and Germany, along with political and financial disorder at home, weakened the government of the Directory.

Napoleon’s Seizure of Power-- The Consulate Oct. 1799, Napoleon returned to France and launched a conspiracy to seize power. Nov. 1799, Napoleon overthrew the Directory. He was 30 years old.

Napoleon’s Seizure of Power-- The Consulate The Constitution of 1799 –Napoleon directed the drafting of a new constitution. Established a regime known as the Consulate. Napoleon ruled as first consul, with a term of 10 years. In 1802 plebiscite, Napoleon made first consul for life, with the right to designate his successor.

Napoleon’s Seizure of Power-- The Consulate Napoleon’s Defeat of the Second Coalition –During reorganization of the government, Napoleon went on the offensive against the Second Coalition. –In 1800 & 1801, defeated the Austrians twice, forcing them out of the war. –British forced the surrender of the French in Egypt in Treaty of Amiens, 3/02, ended the war, but proved to be no more than a truce.

The Napoleonic Empire 1804, Napoleon solidified his power by declaring himself to the hereditary emperor of the French. 1805, Napoleon took the title of king of Italy, with his stepson as viceroy. 1809, Napoleon divorced Josephine. 1810, Napoleon married Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria.

The Napoleonic Empire Napoleonic Administration –Deprived the French of political liberty and freedom of expression. –Established a highly centralized administration. –Financial reforms. Centralized the assessment and collection of taxes. Recalled and paid off various government bonds. –Centralized government. Prefect and subprefect system.

The Napoleonic Empire The Napoleonic Code –Went into effect in –Renamed the Napoleonic Code in –Reaffirmed the principle of equality of all citizens before the law and abolition of privileges based on birth. –Employment in the service of the state based on merit rather than social position or wealth. –Interests of the state took precedence over the rights of individuals.

The Napoleonic Empire The Concordat of 1801 –Napoleon recognized the need to resolve the conflict between the French state and the Catholic Church that had developed during the Revolution. –Concordat established a reconciliation with Pope Pius VII and governed relations between the French state and the Roman Catholic Church until it was abrogated by the French in 1905.

The Napoleonic Empire The Concordat of 1801 –Granted Catholicism special status, but not the established religion of the French state. –French government had administrative control over the church. –Government agreed to pay salaries of the clergy. –Pope regained control of the Papal States. –Pope agreed to accept the loss of church lands confiscated during the revolution.

The Napoleonic Empire Reforms in Education –Established the lycees, the state-controlled system of elite secondary schools. –All public educational institutions and many private ones came under the supervision of a government agency known as the University of France.

The Napoleonic Wars, The War of the Third Coalition ( ) –1803, Great Britain renewed the war against France. –1805, Austria and Russia joined the war against France, creating the Third Coalition. –Napoleon advanced into Germany, beginning a great march of conquest across Europe.

The Napoleonic Wars, –British naval victory at Trafalgar 10/21/05: British fleet defeated combined French/Spanish fleet, eliminating French naval power for the balance of the war. Ended Napoleon’s plan to invade England.

The Napoleonic Wars, The War of the Third Coalition ( ) –French victories on land. 12/2/05: Battle of Austerlitz Treaty of Pressburg: France gained control of most Austrian possessions in Italy. 7/06: Confederation of the Rhine –Organized a number of German states into a French satellite state as a buffer between France and Austria and Prussia. 8/06: Ordered the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

The Napoleonic Wars, The War of the Third Coalition ( ) Napoleon’s actions in Germany brought Prussia into the war. 10/14/06: Napoleon defeated the Prussians at Jena and at Auerstadt. Napoleon took Berlin in late October. –The Treaties of Tilsit Ended the War of the Third Coalition

The Napoleonic Wars, The Continental System –Unable to defeat the British militarily, Napoleon embarked on an effort to destroy the British economy. –Blockade designed to make it impossible for the British to trade with the European continent. All Euro ports ordered closed to British ships and goods. French privateers ordered to attack British ships and neutrals that cooperated with the British.

The Napoleonic Wars, The Peninsular War –Late 1807, French moved on Portugal. –To keep supply and communications lines open, the French also occupied Spain. –1808, Napoleon deposed Spain’s Bourbon dynasty and installed his older brother Joseph as king of Spain. –Spanish revolted, and the British sent troops to support the revolt. –Drained France’s military resources and encouraged Napoleon’s enemies elsewhere in Europe.

The Napoleonic Wars, Conflict on Other Fronts ( ) –Papacy’s refusal to support the Continental System led the French to take Rome and imprison Pius VII and annex most of the Papal States. –1810, Napoleon’s brother Louis, king of Holland, protested against the Continental System. Napoleon deposed his brother and annexed Holland.

The Napoleonic Wars, French Colonial Losses –Britain’s naval power forced Napoleon to give up his plans to restore the French empire in America. Napoleon compelled Spain to return the Louisiana territory to France. Napoleon then sold Louisiana to the US in , French colony of Haiti won its independence.

The Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon’s Russian Campaign –Russians had agreed to subordination to France under the Treaties of Tilsit. –Tsar Alexander I, however, refused to support the Continental System. –Napoleon responded by invading Russia.

The Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon’s Russian Campaign –Napoleon assembled a Grand Army of 600,000 men. –Entered Russia in June –Russian retreat tactics. –Battle of Borodino. –Sept. 14, 1812, Grand Army entered Moscow. –French retreat.

The Napoleonic Wars, The Wars of Liberation ( ) –1813, Prussia, Russia, and Austria allied. –Oct. 1813: Battle of the Nations. –Nov. 1813: British invaded France from Spain. –Jan. 1814: Russian, Prussian, and Austrian forces invaded France from Germany. –Mar. 31,1814: Allied armies entered Paris.

The Napoleonic Wars, The Fall of Napoleon and the Hundred Days –4/11/1814: Napoleon abdicated. –Allies gave him the island of Elba on the condition that he promise never to leave. –Allies restored the Bourbon dynasty with Louis XVIII, the younger brother of Louis XVI. –3/1/1815: Napoleon landed on Mediterranean coast of France with a small force. –3/20/1815: Napoleon entered Paris in triumph, beginning the period of the Hundred Days.

The Napoleonic Wars, The Fall of Napoleon and the Hundred Days –The Battle of Waterloo British, Russians, Prussians, and Austrians prepared for war. Napoleon attacked the allies in Belgium. 6/18/1815: British/Prussian armies defeated Napoleon.

The Napoleonic Wars, Allies sent Napoleon into exile on Saint Helena in the South Atlantic where he died in 1821.