Age of Exploration Chapter 17

Background Information  By the High Middle Ages ( ), Europe had strong nation-states.  Nation-state- regions that share a government and are independent of each other  Between Western Europeans had:  Technology like map making, navigation, shipbuilding, and weaponry  New of new sea routes  European countries competed with each other to gain the most land

Iberian Countries  The Iberian peninsula= Spain and Portugal  Spain and Portugal took the lead in exploration  Both had technology, resources, political stability  Wanted to go to Asia

Iberian Countries  Spain and Portugal struggled with Muslim rule in their countries  Both created Christian kingdoms during the Reconquista.  Spain’s rulers were Ferdinand and Isabella  Ferdinand and Isabella were the rulers of the Reconquista- expelled Muslims from Spain

Portugal  leader was Prince Henry the Navigator  Portugal began their exploration going south around the western coast of Africa

Imperialism  Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political and/or economic life of another country  Europe was interested in Asia, Africa and the Americas

Reasons for European Exploration  Desired new products:  Crusades, Marco Polo, and other contacts  Wanted products like spices, perfumes, and silks  Renaissance- spirit of inquiry, led the Europeans to want to explore

Search for New Trade Routes  Europeans wanted to find a faster route to get to East Asia  Spain and Portugal could not used the Mediterranean because it was controlled by Italy and the Ottomans (Muslims)  Had to find a new route

Technology  Better navigation skills and instruments  Magnetic Compass (China)  New technology allowed Europeans to sail further than ever before  Portuguese invented the caravel  Small and fast maneuverable ship that had a cargo hold  More accurate maps- cartography- art and science of mapmaking

Religion  Christian rulers in Europe wanted to spread their religion through exploration  Competition between Protestants and Catholics  Spanish: “Gold, God, Glory”

Imperialism in Africa

Portugal  1400s- Portuguese explored the coast of Africa  Established a string of ports in west  Southern coast of West Africa- known as the “Gold Coast”  Did not go into the interior  Bartholomew Dias- reached southern tip of Africa- Cape of Good Hope  Vasco da Gama: went around the cape to India

Netherlands  Mid-1600s- Dutch arrived at southwestern tip of Africa  Established Cape Town  Cape Town- where the Dutch would stop to repair their ships as they traveled to India  Dutch people are known as Boers

Imperialism in Asia

Portugal  Da Gama discovered an all-water route from Europe to India sailing all around the southern tip of Africa  Made a profit from the selling of spices from India  Early 1500s- Portugal took control of Indian trade with the Muslims

Portugal  Portugal destroyed Arab control of the spice trade  For most of the 1500s, Portugal controlled the spice trade between most of Europe and Asia  Portugal was not able to conquer much territory  Missionaries destroyed Hindu temples, massacred Muslims, and sank pilgrim ships

Dutch  Replaced the declining Portuguese  Established the Dutch East India Company  Soon dominated the Asian spice trade  Declined in the 1700s

Spain  Financed the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan: circumnavigated the world  Established the colonies of Southeast Asia  Magellan claimed the islands of the Philippines for Spain in 1521  Philippines gained the name from Spanish king, King Phillip

Imperialism in the Americas: “The Encounter”

Christopher Columbus  Plan to reach Asia by sailing across the Atlantic Ocean  After two months of sailing, he reached the Caribbean Sea  Both Spain and Portugal claimed lands that Columbus had explored  **1493: Pope Alexander VI established the Line of Demarcation- divided the non- European world into two zones  Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty of Tordesillas and Line of Demarcation  Treaty stated that Spain could trade and explore west of the line  Portugal could trade and explore east of the line  The treaty gave Spain the rights to almost all of the Americas

Conquest of the Aztec  1519: Hernando Cortes sailed from Cuba to Mexico in search of gold and silver  Met with emperor Montezuma  Montezuma believed Cortes and his crew were gods  Conquistadors attacked the Native American Aztecs in 1521  Weapons: Clubs, spears, bows VS. Guns, Steel swords, shields  Conquistadors also brought in Smallpox

Conquest of the Inca  1530: Francisco Pizarro- set sail from Panama to conquer the Incas  Incas: no match for the Spanish  Pizarro captured and executed Atahualpa  Inca was destroyed by diseases

The Columbian Exchange  The exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas  Trade shifted from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic  Improved diet of Europeans: corn, beans, chocolate, peanuts, potatoes, tobacco

The Commercial Revolution

The Commercial Revolution ( )  Commercial Revolution marked an important step in the transition from the feudal, local economies of the Middle Ages to a truly global economy  Economy based on trade

Mercantilism  Economic system that kings used to increase their power  Rulers tried to increase their supply of gold and silver by achieving a favorable balance of trade  To accumulate more wealth- mother countries established colonies

Mercantilism  Mother countries imported less costly raw materials and exported expensive finished goods to colonies

Capitalism  Entrepreneurs risked their own money (capital) in new business ventures in order to make a profit  Joint Stock Companies- used to raise money  Privately owned  Had investors

The Atlantic Slave Trade ( )

Causes of the Slave Trade  1500s- Europeans enslaved Africans  Europeans began buying large numbers of Africans to satisfy the labor shortage  Europeans sent the slaves to the Americas to work on the sugar, tobacco, and cotton plantations  Slave trade grew into a profitable business

Triangular Trade

The Middle Passage  The voyage from Africa to the Americas  Conditions on these ships were terrible  Hundreds of people were crammed onto a single ship  Often slaves died on the Middle Passage  Disease  Suicide

Effects of the Slave Trade  1800s- slave trade ended  11 million Africans were sent to the Americas  Through slavery, many African societies were deprived of the talents of strong intelligent people

Colonial Latin America

Encomienda System  Spanish landowners forced natives to pay taxes and provide labor  Landowners: expected to protect and taught Catholic faith  Because plantations needed so many workers  After many of the overworked Indians died, the Spanish brought African slaves in  System failed

Mita System  Labor system that the Spanish used in Peru in silver mines  Working conditions were harsh in the silver mines- low wages

Social Classes  Peninsulares- people born in Spain  Creoles- people of European descent born in colonies  Mestizos- People of mixed Native American and European descent  Mulattos- People of mixed African and European descent  Native Americans and people of African descent