Introduction to Microprocessors

Microprocessor Image - PC Perspective.

A Brief History x86 Processors

Main Player Santa Clara, California, USA

Rival #1 Sunnyvale, California, USA

Rival #2 Taipei, Taiwan

First Microprocessor Intel 4004 (1971) 4 Bits 0.74 MHz 2,300 Transistors 10 Micron

4004 Application Busicom* 141-PF Calculator

Same computing power as the ENIAC = Intel 4004

Intel 8086/8088

Test Drive I : Runs well on a 8088 machine

80x86

The Pentium Era

3.8GHz60MHz 65 nm0.25 um

Intel’s mistake 1 Focus too much on Clock Speed

Clock Speed Analogy เกียร์ต่ำ 20 Pipeline Stages เกียร์สูง 10 Pipeline Stages

How a Pipeline Works

10 Stages vs 20 Stages

Downside of high pipeline stages

Intel’s mistake 2 64 Bit CPU Not Backward Compatible

AMD’s Successful Athlon Processors Better Performance per Watts Backward Compatible 64 Bit System

The return of Intel

Multicore Era

Current CPU Kings Core™ i7-5960X 8 Cores, 3.5 GHz, 20 MB L2 Cache 22 nm Process, 140Watts. Transistor counter 1,860 Million US$999 AMD FX Cores, 5.0 GHz, 8 MB L2 Cache 32 nm Process, 220Watts Transistor Count 1,200 Million US$195

AMD + ATI = Fusion CPU + GPU = APU (Accelerated PU) + GPUCPU = APU

Power per Watt: A new measure for CPU performance Intel ATOM 2-6.5W AMD Jaguar (Fusion) 1-10W VIA Nano 5-25W

ATOM Processor’s Silicon

Micro-controller? PIC8051, AVRPSoCMSP430

Limitations of a microprocessor Needs external components. Memory, controllers, etc. Not suitable for embedded applications Intel 4004

4001 = ROM 4002 = RAM 4003 = Shift Registers 4004 = CPU © 2009 Nigel Tout

The 8088 Motherboard

Ti-TMS1000 (1974) TMS 1000 was the first microcontroller Combined RAM, ROM, Clock on a single chip 0.3MHz ROM 1KB RAM 32B

The TI Spelling B Instructions ask you to spell words and the machine will buzz when you got it right

Intel MCS-48 (1977) Intel’s first MCU 11 MHz ROM 1 KB RAM 64B Later became the popular MCS-51

MCU vs MPU Development: Processing Speed in MHz YearMCUMPU

Where do they live?

MCU in Automobiles

Performance 4 MIPS at 20 MHz 76,383 MIPS at 3.2 GHz Ref:

Power Consumption Ref: Microchip, Intel 130 Watts 0.15 Watts

Price Ref: Microchip, Sharkyextreme.com 1, ,000 Baht ,000 Baht

Right tool right job Self contained Limited resources Used for a specific job Low power Low cost Needs Chipsets Large Memory, fast clock rates More general purpose Requires more power More expensive MicrocontrollerMicroprocessor

What does the iPhone use?

iPhone 3GS Internals

iPhone4 Circuit

iPhone 4S & iPhone 5 Circuit

iPhone 6 Circuit

Mixed Design Sometimes called System on a Chip (SoC) MCUMPU

SoC = A more powerful MCU but with less integration than an MCU

A6 SoCA5 SoC

A8 SoC

A6 Processor CPU 1.3 GHz Memory Controller RAM 1 GBytes Flash Memory 64 GBytes Graphics Processing I/O Controller Sensor Ports A6 Chip WiFi, Audio Controller

Microcontroller (i.e. PIC16F886) CPU 20 MHz Memory Controller RAM 368 Bytes Flash Memory 8 KBytes Graphics Processing I/O Controller Sensor Ports

Future Direction: More Integration

Integration using Package-on-Package (PoP) 1. Simple Integration using PoP

Historical example of PoP

Inside the Pentium-II Slot Package

2. On-Die Integration In the future, computers may need only one chip

Essentially, future CPUs will become super MCUs!

Conclusions ในยุคต้นมุ่งเน้นการเพิ่มความเร็วเป็นหลัก ปัจจุบันมุ่งไปที่ performance per watt มากขึ้น เทคโนโลยีการผลิตที่สูงขึ้นทำให้ Multi-core CPU เป็นที่นิยม ทิศทางใหม่ๆ ของการพัฒนาแบ่งเป็น การรวมศูนย์อุปกรณ์ต่างๆ ไว้ใน Processor มากขึ้น เกิดการแตกสาย Processor เพื่อเจาะ กลุ่มเป้าหมายต่างๆ มากขึ้น