TOPIC 3- GLOBALISATION 3.1A- HOW DOES THE ECONOMY OF THE GLOBALISED WORLD FUNCTION IN DIFFERENT PLACES?

Globalisation refers to growth and the spread of ideas, business, culture and goods on a global or world wide scale WHAT DO YOU THINK GLOBALISATION IS? In your pairs/ group Discuss what the term GLOBALISATION might mean

One feature of Globalisation is the dependence between countries. Look at the production chain involved in a pair of trousers and identify the links between income and the position of the country in the production chain. Cotton grown in Egypt Cloth woven in Thailand Trousers made in Bangladesh Trousers shipped to Rotterdam ( Netherlands ) Trousers distributed to retails outlets in UK Synthetic fibre made in China Buttons and zips made in India The production chain of a pair of trousers.

GLOBALISATION HAS LED TO TWO ECONOMIES FORMING goods. Secondary. Need specific, with large area of land, closeness to materials. production. employment. Examples include, manufacturing and clothing. Production of, ideas and services. based and interconnected. resources are important. Services are. Global force. Male and employment. Mass Car Factories Male flat Raw Skills Industry manufactured WORD BOX Knowledge Globally Work/ labour Female Human WORD BOX

manufactured goods Secondary industry Locally or regionally based Industry locates close to raw materials, cheap flat land, good transport links close Local labour supply needed Mass production of few goods Job specific skills e.g. engineer Mainly male employment  E.g. Car manufacturing, clothing factory, etc. OLD ECONOMY

Production of knowledge, ideas and services Globally based and interconnected Human resources are very important Risky Specialised services Global labour force Equal male and female employment NEW ECONOMY Examples ICT industries Technology such as mobile phones TV production

GLOBALISATION HAS LED TO TWO ECONOMIES FORMING goods. Secondary. Need specific, with large area of land, closeness to materials. production. employment. Examples include, manufacturing and clothing. Production of, ideas and services. based and interconnected. resources are important. Services are. Global force. Male and employment. Mass Car Factories Male flat Raw Skills Industry manufactured WORD BOX Knowledge Globally Work/ labour Female Human WORD BOX

GLOBALISATION HAS LED TO TWO ECONOMIES FORMING MANUFACTURED goods. Secondary INDUSTRY. Need specific SKILLS, with large area of FLAT land, closeness to RAW materials. MASS production. MALE employment. Examples include, CAR manufacturing and clothing FACTORIES. Production of KNOWLEDGE, ideas and services. GLOBALLY based and interconnected. HUMAN resources are important. Services are SPECIALISED. Global WORK/ LABOUR force. Male and FEMALE employment. Mass Car Factories Male Raw Skills Industry manufactured WORD BOX Knowledge Globally Work/ labour Female Human specialised WORD BOX

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENT SECTORS? Employment (job) involving taking (extracting) natural resources from the earth (land or sea) This is called.

Employment that involves making (manufacturing) raw materials into something else. E.g. making cotton into a shirt. This is called.

Employment that involves the worker providing a SERVICE. This is called

Employment that involves using high technology and innovation. This is called

Jobs in all countries can be split into four different sectors:  Primary - jobs that extract raw materials directly from the earth or sea - e.g. farming, fishing, forestry and mining.  Secondary - jobs that process and manufacture the primary products - e.g. furniture manufacture and car assembly.  Tertiary - jobs that provide a service - e.g. education, health, office work and retail.  Quaternary - jobs that provide expert information and help - e.g. IT support and biosciences.  In the UK most of our jobs are in the tertiary sector. This has not always been the case, with most jobs traditionally found in the primary and secondary sectors. Lots of these jobs have since moved abroad and subsequently there has been a rise in tertiary and some quaternary jobs.  NOTE- usually quaternary and tertiary are put together EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE

Task  In your notes, divide a page into 4 sections-  Add the name of each EMPLOYMENT SECTOR, describe each and add 2 examples of the job type in each box.

Today we will use the CLARKE- FISHER MODEL to INVESTIGATE changing EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE in countries at different stages of DEVELOPMENT 3.1A- THE BALANCE BETWEEN EMPLOYMENT SECTORS VARIES SPATIALLY AND IS CHANGING The basic idea- As a country increases its wealth or develops the number of people employed in each employment sector changes.

EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURES Which one is which? Task- complete the employment structure worksheet

 These differences are shown in Clarke fishers model THE CLARKE FISHER MODEL TIME INCREASES Pre-industrial Stage – the LDC’s have high amounts of primary industries due to the fact that there is a lack of education and they are mainly subsidence farmers. There are very few jobs in the tertiary and manufacturing sectors, due to lack of money to set up these factories or build them.

 These differences are shown in Clarke fishers model THE CLARKE FISHER MODEL TIME INCREASES Industrial Stage – As time passes, manufacturing increases, New factories spring up in many locations. So the secondary sector grows in importance. The tertiary sector also grows (but not as fast) The primary sector continues to decline in this period as the country industrialises.

 These differences are shown in Clarke fishers model THE CLARKE FISHER MODEL TIME INCREASES Post-industrial Stage - In this stage the tertiary sector become most important. Secondary sector tends to die away. As more people start to live in towns, there is a growing demand for various services - from health and education to transport and finance. Quaternary jobs begin to form too as the country becomes wealthier.

HOW RELIABLE IS THE MODEL?  This model is based on what happened in developed countries like Britain. It may not work in the same way for developing countries which may bypass some part of the model. For example, some developing countries might encourage tourism (tertiary) in their country and bypass the Industrial Stage, such as the Gambia in Africa.

LIVING GRAPH ACTIVITY DEINDUSTRIALISATION INDUSTRIALISATION Many factory workers lose their jobs Most people live off the land and work in the primary sector BURKINA FASO CHINA/ MEXICO UK/ USA Country increases wealth and factories are built, secondary jobs increase Country is manufacturing many of the world’s goods as secondary jobs peak New jobs in hi tech are created due to countries wealth, increasing wealth further Tertiary jobs increase as services are needed for factory workers Primary sector continues to decline as not enough money in this type of work Add these statements your copy of the model

THE CLARKE FISHER MODEL BURKINA FASO CHINA/ MEXICO UK/ USA

THE CLARKE FISHER MODEL

TASK  Annotate your copy of the model with- 1.The name of a country at each stage, and type of country it is (LIC, HIC, BRIC) 2.The terms industrialisation and deindustrialisation (define each) 3.A description of what tends to happen at each stage 4.A sketch of, or link to the pie chart that shows the employment structure at each stage

 Some countries, like Mexico, have experienced industrialisation. This is the social and economic change that transforms a place from one that relies heavily on primary employment into one of secondary (manufacturing). Mexico was originally mainly focused on agriculture but the growth of industry meant many people moved from the rural areas to the cities. In 1950s manufacturing became the biggest provider of wealth.  Manufacturing companies, often with headquarters based in the USA, have been attracted here due to:  A large and highly skilled workforce  Cheap labour  Low distribution costs HOW DO THE JOBS PEOPLE DO DIFFER AROUND THE WORLD?

 Some countries, like USA, have experienced deindustrialisation. This is the decline in secondary (manufacturing) industry and the growth in tertiary and quaternary industries. USA has the largest economy in the world.  Deindustrialisation in the 1980s forced manufacturing to move to lower-cost sites (mostly abroad) and led to the growth of the service sector.

 Today we will CONTRAST the importance of different EMPLOYMENT SECTORS and working conditions in countries at different stages of DEVELOPMENT.

 Working conditions are better in.  In people are paid fair wages and have regular breaks and get sick pay  In many jobs are informal, meaning the worker has no contract and can be sacked without warning.  In many workers work long hours for minimal pay WHAT ABOUT WORKING CONDITIONS? TASK Copy out and fill in the blanks with either DEVELOPED or DEVELOPING countries.

INSERT FORMAL/ INFORMAL JOBS CARD SORT

 Tertiary jobs dominate in these countries as most people have disposable income and the government have set up services like schools and hospitals.  There are secondary jobs in some areas but the numbers have declined from 100 years ago  Primary jobs are minimal, but some rural areas have people working in farming and fishing (North East Scotland and Cornwall)  Quaternary jobs are increasing in techno hub areas, like Cambridge and East London and along the M4 corridor in the UK and Silicon Valley, California, USA. DEINDUSTRIALISED (DEVELOPED) COUNTRIES (UK, USA, JAPAN)

 Many women work full time jobs, but part time work has rapidly increased so now there are more women and men doing part time hours.  It is increasingly common for both adults in a family to work and for single parents to be working single parents although many work part time  Many tertiary and quaternary jobs are flexible with hours, so fewer people work days a week than did 50 years ago.  Children can work but hours are restricted as is the type of job they can do, there is also a minimum level of pay they should receive.  In the UK there is a minimum wage  Workers have contracts so they pay tax and can receive sick pay and receive a pension when the time comes. WHO DOES THE JOB/S?

 These countries tend to have a higher percentage of workers employed in manufacturing goods (SECONDARY INDUSTRY).  Working conditions are often poor and work is often low paid with long hours.  Many people work without a contract, so they can get started quickly but this means no sick pay and no protection from harsh working conditions  Many families are split up in these countries- often younger men (and increasingly women too) will leave rural families and head to a big city to work, live in overcrowded conditions in small flats with basic facilities and work very long hours. BRIC/ NIC COUNTRIES- CHINA INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES

 In these countries, there are tertiary jobs, but fewer as the governments have not had the money to build hospitals, schools and libraries and the population as a whole do not have such a large amount of disposable income, therefore fewer hotels, restaurants etc exist, thus there are fewer tertiary jobs than in BRICs and HICs  Many people live a SUBSISTENCE lifestyle, they provide for themselves what they need and trade, e.g. they grow their own food and have enough to eat, make their own clothes and breed their own animals, any even build their own houses.  Much of the work is therefore not formally paid work and therefore there is less tax paid- preventing the country boosting its economy. LDC (LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES)- PRE INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES

 Many people here do primary jobs like farming, fishing, mining etc.  In larger towns and cities there are more tertiary jobs and these are increasing in most countries as the world becomes increasingly globalised.  Like in BRIC nations many here who work for a company work without a contract, meaning no sick pay and no minimum wage or control over working conditions so they also work in dangerous conditions

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTION F Which country has the highest percentage working in the TERTIARY sector? F Which country has is likely to have the most people employed in farming? H Which country is pre industrial according to Clarke Fisher? (1) Give a reason for your answer (2) H Describe the relationship between GDP and % employed in the secondary sector (2)

 H and F- Explain how employment varies according to a countries level of development (4)  H AND F -Explain how the growth of SECONDARY industry in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES can bring both benefits and problems (4)  F- Outline one negative impact globalisation has on people in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (2)  H-Explain why some people argue that globalisation has negative impacts on DEVELOPING countries (6) PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS

 Describe the changes in employment that take place as countries develop (4) HOMEWORK QUESTION