Chapter 12 Section 1: Where did services originate? Services

A service is any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it MDCs have more services than LDCs They have a more regular pattern of distribution resulting from this More people also work in the service, tertiary, sector of the economy in MDCs

Services Services and settlements have close distributions A settlement in a permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain settlements They are more evenly distributed in MDCs They altogether occupy less than 1 percent of land, but more people live in these areas than anywhere else

Shoppers in Salzburg, Austria

Distribution Agriculture needs plenty of land so it isn’t going to be done as effectively in very densely populated areas Industry can locate in remote areas too because the materials and products can be shipped Services must locate near large populations of people to sustain

Origins & Types of Services Types of services – Consumer services – Business services – Public services – Changes in number of employees Origin of services Services in rural settlements – Clustered rural settlements – Dispersed rural settlements

Services Offered in all societies More in MDCs than LDCs with more workers in MDCs in this sector too In North America, 3/4s of the population work in services In LDCs, it is usually under ¼ Services pull in 2/3s of the GDP in most MDCs and under ½ in LDCs

Percent GDP from Services, 2005 Fig. 12-1: Services contribute over two-thirds of GDP in more developed countries, compared to less than one-half in less developed countries.

Types of Services Consumer Services: provide services to individual consumers who want them and can afford them. Around ½ of all US jobs are in this sector. 4 main types: – Retail and wholesale services: grocery stores, department stores, car sales – Education services: educators in public and private schools – Health services: health care, hospitals, doctors’ office, nursing homes – Leisure and hospitality services: restaurants, bars, hotels, lodging, entertainment

Types of Services Business Services: these services facilitate other businesses. ¼ of all jobs in the US fall into this category. There are three main types: – Financial services: FIRE: finance, insurance, and real estate businesses, banks, financial institutions, insurance companies, real estate businesses – Professional services: technical services, law offices, accounting, architecture, engineering, design, consulting, support services, clerical, secretarial, custodial – Transportation and Similar Services: trucking, shipping, publishing, broadcasting, utilities

Types of Services Public Services: these provide security and protection for citizens and businesses- the public. About 16% of US jobs are in this sector. These include government services at the federal, state, and local levels.

Changes in number of employees Pretty much all growth in jobs in the US since the 1970s has been in services The number in agriculture and the number in industry have been decreasing while the number in services has been rising

Employment Change in U.S. Fig 12-2: Growth in employment in the U.S. since 1970 has been entirely in the tertiary sector, with the greatest increase in professional services.

Eco-tourism in Costa Rica Costa Rica’s Tortuguero National Park draws eco-tourists to the tropical rainforest.

Origin of Services Services are clustered in settlements They emerged when civilizations emerged When people were nomads, survival was the key and everyone had to hunt/gather/fish to survive People can farm and provide for more than they and their family need so when people started farming, some people simply traded for food and started providing other services around 3,000 BC

Origin of Services Early consumer services: burying the dead, performing rituals, building structures, making clothes, making tools, gathering fuel, selling/trading products Early public services: When civilizations emerged so did governments, they offered services- protection, city maintenance Early business services: As trade increased, accountants, early banks, record keepers, lawyers, etc… became necessary

Services in Modern Rural Areas Most people in the world still live in rural settlements that have changed little since ancient times These are called clustered rural settlements, where people live in families in close proximity to other families surrounded by farms These are found mostly in LDCs, but most MDCs still have remnants of them

Clustered Rural Settlements Families live in close proximity to one another These include homes, barns, tool sheds, farm structures, consumer services, religious services, schools, and some shops Often called a hamlet or a village Fields surround them to be worked Most people are farmers

Growth of Rural Settlements Fig. 12-3: The establishment of satellite settlements in a rural landscape over time is illustrated by the number of places named “Offley” in this area.

Rural Settlement Patterns Fig. 12-4: Circular settlement patterns are common in Germany. Linear “long lot” patterns are often found along rivers in France, and were transferred to Québec.

Circular rural settlements Has a central open space surrounded by structures Villages in southern Africa follow this pattern Often have enclosures for livestock in the center

Circular Kraal Villages in Southern Africa

Linear Rural Settlements Have buildings along a central road, river, or dike to facilitate communication The French in North America followed this pattern when they settled

Rural Settlement Patterns Fig. 12-4: Circular settlement patterns are common in Germany. Linear “long lot” patterns are often found along rivers in France, and were transferred to Québec.

Colonial American Clustered Settlements These types have been influencing civilization in the Americas for centuries The first European colonists settled along the East Coast in New England, Middle, and Southern colonies They built clustered settlements centered on an open area called the common in New England Buildings were built around the common In the south, plantations were clustered

Clustered New England Town Newfane, Vermont is a clustered settlement with public buildings built around a common.

Dispersed Rural Settlements Another type of rural settlements These are characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside them These have become more common in the past 200 years in Anglo-America and MDCs in their rural areas These are considered more efficient than clustered settlements People settle large tracks of land and had lots of land between them and their neighbors

Dispersed Rural Settlements Many communities converted from clustered to dispersed rural settlements to be more efficient and grow more food The enclosure movement in Great Britain, between 1750 and 1850 helped spur this This was where the British government transformed the rural landscape by consolidating individually owned strips of land surrounding a village into a single large farm, owned by an individual and enclosing it This hurt the self-contained village ways