Chapter 1: Health Care Providers

Ancient Times 80% of primitive human beings died by age 30 due to hunting accidents/violence Lived further apart – infectious disease less common Why would infectious disease increase with civilization?

Ancient Treatments Evil spirits caused illness  priests and “medicine men” Treatments included rituals such as trephining and casting spells One-third of these ancient medicinal plants are still used in pharmacies today

Trephining

Early Egypt People around the Nile River had developed a level of medical practice as early as 3000 B.C. Physicians were priests who studied medicine/surgery in the temple medical schools Also thought in evil spirits, used spells If the spell failed, they would concoct a repellent to fight the demon

Early Egypt

Imhotep – Egyptian God of Medicine

India World’s 1 st Hospitals and Nurses Used many drugs and began using anesthesia

China “Great Herbal” – Book of over 2000 medicines (3000 BC) Used Acupuncture to drive out demons

Greek Influence Apollo the sun god taught medicine to a centaur who taught others Asklepios – greek god of healing, used massage, bathing, exercise and snakes Patients purified themselves by bathing, made an offering to the god, were put in a drug induced sleep, snakes licked the wounds, Asklepios applied salves Usually depicted holding a staff with a serpent wrapped around it = caduceus Medical schools began to observe what happened in illness rather than accept teaching of past

Caduceus

Hippocrates Father of Scientific Medicine Knowledge from observation Hippocratic Oath

Aristotle Brought together Medicine, biology, botany, anatomy Learned from animal dissection

Roman Influence Medical science set-back Galen 4 Humors Improved sanitation

Medieval History From the 5 th to 16 th centuries, there was no progress in medical knowledge or practice Anglo-Saxon settlers in Britain believe illness was caused by elves, witches or ‘worms’ No Sanitation/Hygeine

Barber Surgeons Medieval European surgeons’ practice was limitied to the wealthy Other patients were treated by barber surgeons Cut hair, practiced blood-letting, opened abscesses and occasionally did amputations – with the same razor

Early Medical Pioneers Beginning in Italy in the 14 th century, there was a revival of culture and concern for life People began to escape limitations of church Artists (Michelangelo, da Vinci) began to dissect humans to learn how to draw the body

Vesalius Dissected corpses on his own and eventually proved Galen’s findings wrong. Published a book on the human body containing over 300 illustrations

William Harvey 1578, observed that blood in the arteries always flowed away from the heart while blood in veins flowed towards the heart Realized that valves prevented blood from changing direction

1 st Microscope Van Leeuwenhoek Wealthy merchant Built over 200 microscopes Was the 1 st to see red blood cells

Ligatures and Forceps Pare – French Barber-Surgeon in the Army Learned it was more successful to tie bleeding vessels with a ligature vs cautery

Modern Medical Pioneers See Pages JennerGave the first vaccination PasteurPasteurization; vaccine for rabies ListerFoundation of medical asepsis RoentgenDiscovered x-rays ReedLinked mosquitoes with the spread of yellow fever BartonEstablished the Red Cross BlackwellFirst woman physician NightingaleFounder of modern nursing

Modern Medical Pioneers CurieDiscovered radium; led to use of radium in the treatment of cancer PapanicolaouThe Pap test DomagkDiscovered Prontosil; led to cure of coccal infections BantingDiscovered and isolated insulin FlemingWork was foundation for penicillin SalkVaccine for polio DeBakeyReplaced arteries with tubing

Polio 1949 – 43,000 cases in US Dr. Jonas Salk at Harvard Med School successfully isolated Polio Virus Began vaccine trials in April million children were protected by the end of that Summer

New Equipment Portable dialysis – 1966 Pacemaker with 10 year battery life – 1970 Artificial Heart – July 2001, patient lived 151 days (only expected to live 60)

Controversial Discoveries Stem Cells – extracted from an embryo, grown in a culture and can differentiate into any body tissue Ethical, legal, moral implications May be able to: Repair brain cells (Alzheimer’s Disease) Replace cornea Repair spinal nerves Replace skin after burns Repair or replace damaged liver cells

Controversial Discoveries DNA Human Genome Ability to know which gene certain characteristics come from Gene manipulation

Summary Who is considered the father of medicine? List three pioneers of modern medicine and their contributions.