Surrounds and holds together all cells “Gatekeeper” that controls what enters and exits Semi-permeable: some materials can enter and some cannot Phospholipid bilayer: two layers of lipids

Strong, rigid structure that surrounds the outside of the cell membrane Protective barrier that gives the cell its shape Made of cellulose fibers in plants and chitin in fungi

The area between the nucleus and the cell membrane Made of a “Jelly-like” substance called cytosol, including water, salts and proteins Cushions, protects, and moves organelles around the cell

A matrix of proteins, including microtubules and filaments Supports cell shape and function, helping division and movement take place Dynamic: changes as protein strands are broken and reassembled

Control center or “brain” of cell Contains genetic information Stores DNA molecules

Surrounds the nucleus Protects the nucleus from damage Made of a phospholipid bilayer

An organelle found inside the nucleus Where ribosomes are made Contains RNA molecules

Made of rRNA molecules in the nucleolus Tiny factories that synthesize or produce proteins by joining amino acids Found “free” in the cytoplasm and dotting the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Intercellular highway system transports materials around the cell Rough or dotted with attached ribosomes Found closer to the nucleus and helps to fold, check, and transport proteins

Part of the Intercellular highway system No ribosomes, smooth surface Helps make lipids and steroids Detoxifies: helps eliminate toxins

Pancake-like membranes that receive proteins and lipids from the ER Acts like a “mailroom” by packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles Prepares to send materials to the lysosome, or export materials outside the cell

Small sac, droplet, or package made of lipids and full of fluid Carries molecules from one organelle to another or inside and outside a cell

Cell storage Large, central vacuoles in Plants: o Store water, waste & sometimes poison o Help keep a rigid shape using turgor pressure Small vacuoles In Animals: May store food, water, or waste

Mostly found in animal cells Contain digestive enzymes Breakdown damaged organelles and molecules for parts and to eliminate waste Play a role in apoptosis, programmed cell death

A type of microtubule or protein made by centrosomes Act like anchors helping in cell division by moving to opposite ends of the cell

Powerhouse, site of cellular respiration Inherited from mothers Contain their own DNA and 2 membranes Outer and Inner with Cristae folds Breaks down sugar to make ATP energy

Sugar factories, site of photosynthesis Plastids that contain chlorophyll pigments Contain their own DNA and 3 membranes Outer, Inner, and Thylakoid stacks

Some cells have tiny hairs (Cilia) and whip-like tails (Flagella) that help cells move around in aquatic environments