1 Psychology 305A: Personality Psychology November 28 Lecture 23

Exam 3: December 16, :30-11:00, CIRS 1250 The exam will be scored out of 50 points: 30 multiple choice questions (1 point each), 6 extended response questions (2-6 points each, estimated; totaling 20 points). The exam is worth one-third of your final grade if you did not write the optional paper and one-quarter of your final grade if you did write the optional paper. 2

Please arrive on time to facilitate rapid distribution of the exams. Bring a pencil, eraser, pen, and student ID to the exam. All electronic devices must be stored prior to the exam. Bags and backpacks should be left at the front of the room. Valuables may be placed under your seat. Turn in extra copies of the exam at the start of the examination period; university policy requires that all exams be accounted for before students are permitted to leave the examination room. 3

The exam will cover: 4 Reminder: In the case of a discrepancy between the material presented in the textbook and the material presented in class, please rely upon the material presented in class for the purpose of exam preparation. Chapter 5 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 (p , ) Chapter 14 (p ) All material discussed in class since November 5.

1. I will hold additional office hours and an exam review session in preparation for the exam: Friday, November 29: 11:30-2:30 (Kenny 3102) Friday, December 6: 11:30-2:30 (Kenny 3102) Thursday, December 12: 12:00-2:00 (Kenny 3102) Thursday, December 12: 3:00-4:00 (Kenny 2101, “Q&A” exam review session) Friday, December 13: 11:30-2:30 (Kenny 3102) 5 Announcements

6 2. The peer mentors (Austin, Gordon) will hold an extra tutorial: When? December 11: 2:00-3:00 Where? Kenny The peer mentors have created a survey for students who have attended the tutorials to provide feedback: SH0IhP8yfeR

7 Reminder Please complete your evaluation for this course. Your evaluation will be anonymous and secure. 7 To date, 30% of students have completed the evaluation. Course evaluations close on Tuesday, December 3.

A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 8

Psychology 3059 Analysis of the Personality of a Civil Rights Leader: Malcolm X Discussion Questions 1.What learning processes (e.g., classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning) do you think shaped Malcolm X’s personality? Identify specific examples to illustrate how these learning processes shaped his personality. 9

Psychology Prior to imprisonment, Malcolm X did not adhere to a separatist view regarding race relations. However, after imprisonment, he did adhere to this view, ultimately joining the Nation of Islam. How can Dollard and Miller’s learning theory be used to explain this change in Malcolm X’s attitudes and behaviour? 3.Mischel proposed 5 “cognitive-social learning person variables” to describe personality: competencies, encoding strategies/personal constructs, expectancies, subjective values, and self-regulatory systems/plans. Use these variables to describe Malcolm X’s personality when he was in Boston. 10

Psychology Speculate on Malcolm X’s dominant needs. Consider Murray’s needs and the “Big Three” dimensions. 5. Maslow maintained that, in the hierarchy of conative needs, lower-order needs have greater strength, potency, and priority than higher-order needs. Were Malcolm X’s actions consistent with this assertion? 6. Would Maslow’s hierarchy of conative needs adequately explain motivation among collectivists? 11

Psychology How does Maslow’s notion of the self-actualizer differ from Rogers’ notion of the fully functioning person? Can both concepts be applied to Malcolm X? 8.Deci and Ryan emphasized the importance of “self- determination” in determining well-being. At what point in his life do you believe that Malcolm X achieved self- determination? 9.Research has identified a number of personality characteristics that are related to happiness. Which of these characteristics did Malcolm X display, if any? 12

Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Observational learning Extrinsic reinforcement Intrinsic reinforcement Vicarious reinforcement Self-reinforcement Some learning concepts: 13

Racism, social isolation (US) Negative emotions (UR; e.g., anxiety) Reflexive Presence at school (CS) Learned Repeatedly paired Highly similar Negative emotions (CR) Example of Classical (Emotional) Conditioning 14

Death of father, burning of home (US) Negative emotions (UR; e.g., anger, fury) Reflexive Presence of “whites” (KKK) (CS) Learned Repeatedly paired Highly similar Negative emotions (CR) Example of Classical (Emotional) Conditioning 15

Psychology Dollard and Miller’s Social-Cognitive Learning Theory 1. Drive 2. Cue 3. Response 4. Reinforcement 5. Habit Hierarchy 16

17 (b) Encoding strategies and personal constructs (i.e., schemas, self-beliefs). (a) Competencies. (c) Expectancies. (d) Subjective values. (e) Self-regulatory systems and plans. 17 Mischel’s Cognitive-Social Learning Person Variables

Sample Schema 18 Theft Drug Dealing Pimping Injustice Discrimination Violence Love Belonging Poverty “Money” Friends Happiness Social Acceptance Self Acceptance

Psychology Factors that may account for self-actualization in the absence of lower-order need satisfaction (Heylighenl, 1991): 1.Prior need satisfaction (a temporal factor). 2. Perceived competence to satisfy lower-order needs (a cognitive factor). Perceived competence emerges from (a) material competence (in due time) and (b) cognitive competence. 19

Psychology Physiological Needs Safety Needs Belonging Needs Esteem Needs Self- Actualization Needs 20 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Conative Needs

Belonging Needs Physiological Needs Safety Needs Self- Actualization Needs (in the service of society) A Hierarchy of Conative Needs for Collectivistic Cultures (Cianci & Gambrel, 2003; Nevis, 1983) 21

Research has identified a number of personality characteristics that are related to happiness: 22 1.The Big 5. 2.Attachment styles. 3.The autotelic personality. 4.Hardiness. 5.Character strengths.

23 "An autotelic person needs few material possessions and little entertainment, comfort, power, or fame because so much of what he or she does is already rewarding. Because such persons experience flow in work, in family life, when interacting with people, when eating, even when alone with nothing to do, they are less dependent on the external rewards that keep others motivated to go on with a life composed of routines. They are more autonomous and independent because they cannot be as easily manipulated with threats or rewards from the outside. At the same time, they are more involved with everything around them because they are fully immersed in the current of life” (Csikszentmihalyi, 2007).

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Psychology 305A: Theories of Personality Introductory Concepts Research Methods Personality Assessment Trait Perspective Biological Perspective Psychoanalytic Perspective Psychosocial Perspective Learning Perspective Cognitive Perspective Motive Perspective Self-Actualization/ Determination Perspective 26 What is personality?

27 The “Its My Course” Questionnaire: Results Top 5 preferences among students (in rank order): 1.Personality and Psychopaths 2.Personality Disorders 3.Personality Stability and Change 4.Personality and Happiness 5.Sex Differences in Personality

Other topics of interest to students: Individual differences in personality. Relation between personality and behaviour. Personality and birth order/“only child” syndrome. Personality development. Biological vs. social influences on personality. Motivation. Personality and spirituality. Personality and psychotherapy. Personality and “real world” experiences. Personality tests. 28

Do wonder about everything. Always. 29