Warm Up Meghan was assigned to work a weekend wrestling tournament with Mr. Barker, the head ATC. Mr. Barker requires that all his athletic training students be certified in CPR and first aid and have their hepatitis shots. During the first match of the tournament Isaac, one of Mr. Barker’s wrestlers, got a bloody nose. The officials stopped the match for a blood time out. What are some of the dangers associated with blood- borne pathogens? What should Mr. Barker do to stop the nosebleed? What precautions should both Mr. Barker and Meghan take? Under what conditions would Isaac be able to continue in the match?

INFECTION CONTROL

Contagion Movie Trailer movie_trailer/ movie_trailer/

The Chain of Infection Many sports involve skin to skin contact. Some injuries can create cuts or breaks in the skin, placing both the athlete and the ATC at risk of contracting a variety of skin infections. Bacterial infections are common complications of skin injuries. An athlete with a bacterial infection may pass it on to others via contact. The infection cycle can be thought of as a “chain” of events – “The Chain of Infection.”

The Chain of Infection 1.Pathogen: any disease causing microorganism. 2.Reservoir Host: the person carrying the infectious microorganism. (Carriers may not show any signs of symptoms of a disease, but are still capable of transmission. 3.Portal of Exit: the pathogen’s route of escape from the reservoir. (Breaks in the skin, saliva, and blood) 4.Route of Transmission: the method by which the pathogen gets from the reservoir to the new host. (Direct contact, air, insects, etc.) 5.Portal of Entry: the route through which the pathogen enters its new host. (Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts, as well as breaks in the skin are common portals of entry) 6.Susceptible Host: the source, such as a human who accepts the pathogen. Depending on degree of resistance, they may supports the pathogen’s life and reproduction. (Susceptible hosts – malnourished, suppressed immune systems, elderly).

Breaking the Chain of Infection The spread of disease can be stopped by removing any link in the chain. Links can be removed by the following ways: 1.Kill the bacteria before it enters the host 2.Change the environment in which the bacteria lives: -If it needs moisture: keep the area dry and clean -If it needs temperature: raise the temperature to kill the bacteria (Sterilization)

Preventing Infection Wash hands frequently! Correct hand washing technique is the single most effective way to prevent the spread of communicable diseases! Wear gloves! Keep immunizations up to date!

When Should You Wash Your Hands? When should you wash your hands? Before, during, and after preparing food Before eating food Before and after caring for someone who is sick Before and after treating a cut or wound After using the toilet After changing diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet After blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing After touching an animal, animal feed, or animal waste After touching garbage

Handwashing for Health Care Providers!! The single most effective way to prevent the spread of communicable diseases! Handwashing will minimize the risk of spreading infection from one patient to another, from health care worker to patients, and from patients to the health care worker. Should be done at the following times: When first arriving to work. Before performing each medical procedure on a patient. During a procedure if hands become contaminated. Between each patient. After using the restroom. After removing gloves. Before eating.

Handwashing Facts According to the American Society of Microbiology 97% of females and 92% of males say they wash but actually only 75% of females and 58% of males wash. Fifty percent of middle and high school students wash, and of these only 33% of females and eight percent of males use soap.

Handwashing Facts Study of highest germ count: Work desk Garbage can Bathroom doorknob Shopping cart handles Remote controls Pet cages Kitchen sink Refrigerator Keyboards Picnic tables Light switches Toys Dishcloth sponge Telephone receiver Escalator handrails

Handwashing Technique 1.Wet your hands with clean running water (warm or cold) and apply soap. 2.Rub your hands together to make a lather and scrub them well; be sure to scrub the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails. 3.Continue rubbing your hands for at least 20 seconds. Need a timer? Hum the "Happy Birthday" song from beginning to end twice. 4.Rinse your hands well under running water. 5.Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry. Washing hands with soap and water is the best way to reduce the number of germs on them. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol- based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers can quickly reduce the number of germs on hands in some situations, but sanitizers do not eliminate all types of germs.

Using Gloves to Protect Yourself Always wear gloves to protect yourself whenever blood or bodily fluids are present! Carry gloves with you at all times when on duty. Donning sterile gloves = wearing sterile gloves.

Procedure for Donning (Wearing) Gloves 1.Obtain a pair of sterile gloves in your size. 2.Inspect the glove package. Make sure there are no signs of contamination – moisture, rips, tears. 3.Remove all jewelry and wash your hands. 4.Dry your hands. 5.With your non-dominant hand pick up the glove touching only the inside edge of cuff. (You will glove your dominant hand first. 6. Slide your dominant hand in the glove. 7.Pick up the second glove with your gloved hand and slide it on. 8.Move the glove up the hand and slide the fingers into position. 9.Interlock your fingers to adjust the gloves, but do not touch above the heel of your hand.

The Risks – Hepatitis Hepatitis: a disease that results in inflammation of the liver. Two types – Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B Hepatitis A – caused by a virus and is spread by fecal-oral route by failing to wash hands properly after using the restroom – common in children and young adults Hepatitis B – caused by a virus and spread through contact with infected blood and body fluids – most common form contracted by health care workers. It is recommended that all first aid providers have hepatitis vaccines!

The Risks - AIDS AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, a viral disease caused by the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency virus) virus. A fatal disease that destroys the immune system and makes the person susceptible to other infections. Contracted through blood and other bodily fluids. No cure. Confidential! Therefore health care provides should take precaution with ALL patients at ALL times!

Universal Precautions Guidelines developed by the CDC for protecting health care workers from exposure to blood-borne pathogens. 1.Wear gloves – do NOT reuse gloves 2.Wear protective eyewear and a mask during any procedures where you are exposed to splattering of blood or bodily fluids. 3.Wear disposable gowns. 4.Thoroughly wash your hands immediately following contamination 5.Avoid giving direct mouth to mouth resuscitation – use a CPR shield. 6. Avoid direct patient contact if you have open wounds or other skin conditions. 7.Wash your hands after each patient contact and after removing gloves. 8.Carefully and properly dispose of all sharp objects – needles, scalpels, etc.

Handwashing PSA Using iMovie, create an infection control or handwashing PSA.