WARM UP 1.List 3 basic characteristics of plants. 2.List 7 different kinds of plants.

Plants: Ch

Ch. 22: Plant Characteristics  Multi-cellular  Eukaryotes  Cell wall  Autotrophs  Chlorophyll and photosynthesis

Plant Adaptations: Land  Pollination  Wind or Animal  Won’t dry out  Reproduction  Enclosed spores/seeds survive a long time  Structural support  Roots and stems

Land Plant Adaptations  Water  Roots get groundwater  Fibrous or tap  Xylem tubes move water  Phloem tubes move sugar  Leaves with waxy cuticle prevent water loss (next slide)

Leaves:  Leaf Structure:  Blade: broad flat part of leaf  Now it can be simple (1 blade) or compound (many)  Ex.) Maple leaf (simple), Clover (complex)  Stomata: opening on the underside of leaf  Needed to regulate gas exchange (transpiration, CO 2 )  Guard Cells: modified cells that regulate gas exchanges  Functions:  Perform Photosynthesis using chloroplasts

Plant Behavior  Phototropism  Stems “bend” toward light  Gravitropism  Roots grow down, stems grow up

Ch. 23: Plant Reproduction

Pollination  Pollen must be transferred from an anther (male) to a stigma (female)- part of pistil  Includes 2 genetically different plants (cross- pollination)  To help in pollination plants have many responses…can you name a few?

Fertilization:  After Pollination there is fertilization  Pollen from anther contacts stigma leads down into the pollen tube where the egg becomes fertilized and a seed is then created

Monocot or dicot that is the question (Germination)  Distinguished between cotyledons (seed leaves)  Monocots: 1 cotyledon  Dicot: 2 cotyledons  Monocot:  leaves have several main veins (parallel venation)  Vascular tissue is scattered  Dicot:  leaves 1 or 2 main veins that net out (net venation)  Vascular tissue is arranged around the edge

Ch. 21: Plant Classification  Spores  Vascular or non-vascular  Seeds  Vascular  Cones or flowers

1.) Seedless, Non-vascular Plant  Mosses  very small  Moist habitats  Spores  Non-vascular

2.) Seedless Vascular Plants  Whisk Ferns  Many thin, leafless stems  1st vascular plant

Club Moss (Seedless Vascular Plant)  Moist environments  Small stems, tiny leaves  “Ground pines”  Coal deposits

Horsetails (Seedless, vascular plants)  Tall, strong, hollow, jointed stem  “Scouring rush”

Ferns (Seedless, vascular Plant)  Can be very large

3.) Seeded, vascular Plants  Cycads  Short, palm- like plants with large cones  1st with seeds in cones

Conifers (Seeded, vascular Plant)  Trees with cones  Pines, spruces, etc.  Gymnosperms

Gingko (Seeded, vascular plant)  Gingko biloba tree  Living fossil  Remains unchanged  Berry-like cones

Gnetophytes (Seeded, vascular plant)  Ephedra shrubs  Berry-like cones

Flowering Plant (Seed, vascular Plant)  Largest group  Deciduous trees and shrubs, food plants, ornamental flowers  Fruit producing  Angiosperm