Kingdom Plantae

The Big Five Review How many cells?  Multicellular What type of cell?  Eukaryotic Cell wall or no? If so, what’s it made of?  Yes, Cellulose Nutrition?  Autotrophic Motility?  NO!

The Big Five for Plantae PG 160 Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell walls – cellulose Autotrophic Non-motile Plus…all have roots, stems, leaves, chlorophyll, chloroplasts

Adaptations to Land PG 160 PROBLEM –Loss of water –Needs water in all tissues –Will get blown away; needs water (its windy! Plus need nutrients) –No water for swimming gametes –Embryos dry out SOLUTION –Waxy cuticles on leaves –Vascular tissue (tubes) –Roots –Pollen –Seeds

Plant Groups PG 160 Bryophytes –Mosses, liverworts –Have true roots, stems, leaves (RSL)

Plant Groups Pterophytes –Ferns, horsetails –Have vascular tissue

Plant Groups Gymnosperms –Conifers, evergreens, pine trees –Have seeds (naked ones!)

Plant Groups Angiosperms –Flowering plants –Covered seeds (in fruits)

Review: 4 Groups Bryophytes –Have RSL –Nonvascular –No seeds –No flowers –Ex: mosses Pterophytes –RSL –Vascular –No seeds –No flowers –Ex: Ferns Gymnosperms –RSL –Vascular –Seeds –No flowers –Ex: Conifers Angiosperms –RSL –Vascular –Seeds –Flowers –Ex: Rose (all flowers)

Adaptations & Phylogeny Bryophytes Pterophytes Conifers Angiosperms Vascular Tissue Naked Seeds Covered Seeds (in Fruits)

Vascular Tissue PG 161 XYLEM –Carries water (& nutrients) UP (from roots) and IN (to rest of plant) PHLOEM –Carries food (sugars/glucose) DOWN and AROUND

Vegetative Structures ROOTS – Soak up water and minerals from soil – Anchor in place – Root hairs increase surface area for more water absorption

Vegetative Structures STEMS – Carry substances up and down plant – Provide support for leaves & other parts *may be woody (trees) or herbaceous (green)

Vegetative Structures PG 163 MODIFIED STEMS Modifications are usually for food storage, Stolon: grow horizontally instead of vertically Tuber is a swollen, underground stem that has buds from which new plants can grow (Potato) Rhizomes are underground stems that store food so they are root-like stems Bulb: short stem with fleshy “leaves” or “scales” that act as a food storage organs. EX: onions & garlic

Vegetative Structures LEAVES –Make food for the plant (photosynthesis) –Often covered with waxy cuticle (waterproof!) –Main pigment is green (chlorophyll), but may have others

Vegetative Structures LEAVES DICOT LEAF MONOCOT LEAF (branching veins)(parallel veins)

Vegetative Structures PG 161 Cuticle Guard cells Stomata Xylem/phloe m Mesophyll Epidermis LEAF PARTS…what is each part for?

Vegetative Structures tendrils, spines, succulents, colored bracts MODIFIED LEAVES

Transpiration PG 165 The loss of water through the stomata is called transpiration Leaves must balance gas exchange with water loss

Transpiration…Adaptation PG 165 In hot, dry areas too much water is lost (transpiration), so alternate methods must be used Stomata not on the leaves Stomata only open at night

Quick Write… PG 161 Explain how roots, stems and leaves along with vascular tissue function to ensure the survival of a land plant…. (sounds like a good essay type question to me!!!)

Reproductive Structures PG 162 FLOWERS –Reproductive structures of angiosperms –Are “showy” if meant to attract animals –Are tiny and plain if “nature” helps out (wind, etc)

Reproductive Structures PG 163 FLOWER ANATOMY Must know all of these… Petals Sepals – green; cover young bud Pistil (Carpel) – female parts ~ stigma – sticky to catch pollen ~ style – tube to carry pollen down ~ ovary – holds eggs (ova) Stamen – male parts ~ anther – holds mature pollen ~ filament – tube sends pollen up

Name the parts… petal stamen pistil sepal

Reproductive Structures PG 162 have tough, protective walls around the sperm cells (preserved in fossil record) Adapted for various types of transmission: ~ insects…sticky ~ animals…hooks/sticky ~ wind …numerous & light ~ digestion …tough coverings POLLEN

Reproductive Structures FRUITS –a mature ovary; contains seeds (embryos)

Fruits

Reproductive Structures SEED STRUCTURE Seed – the embryo Seed coat – protective covering Radicle – becomes root Endosperm – food for embryo

Plant Responses Phototropism –Move toward light + –Move away from - Gravitropism (geotropism) –To ground (roots) –Away from ground (stems) Thigmotropism –Curls around solids (vines)

Plant Hormones Auxins –Stimulate growth Gibberellins –Stimulate growth, especially in flowers & fruits Abscissic Acid –Stimulates cell death; leaves falling off Ethylene –Stimulate ripening

Two Groups of Angiosperms MONOCOTS: DICOTS:

Vegetative Structures ROOTS DICOT ROOT MONOCOT ROOT

Vegetative Structures STEMS DICOT STEM MONOCOT STEM

Reproductive Structures Pollen lands on stigma Pollen tube grows down to ovary Two sperm discharged ~ one fertilizes egg to make the zygote ~ other joins with 2 polar bodies to form endosperm (nutritive tissue for embryo) FERTILIZATION