Objective: What is a vascular & nonvascular plant Warm Up: organism is unicellular, eukaryotic and autotrophic what kingdom does it belong to?

Plants The energy most organisms need comes directly or indirectly from plants.

Plant Characteristics Photosynthetic Multicellular Eukaryotic Adapting to Land Absorbing Minerals Put down roots to help absorb water & nutrients…also anchor them into the soil

Conserving Water Cuticle – waxy covering, prevents evaporation Stomata – pores in leaves, permit gas exchange & limit water loss Guard Cells – control size of opening in stomata

Vascular System “AKA: Plumbing” Xylem – carries water up from the roots to the rest of the plant Phloem – carries food down from the leaves (carbohydrates…glucose)

Plant Classification… Non-Vascular Plants No xylem & phloemMoss 1)Bryophytes (Mosses & Liverworts) Water and other materials are distributed throughout their bodies by osmosis & diffusion oLack true roots, leaves and stems oAnchored to the ground by rhizoids Hornwort liverwort

Vascular Plants  Have xylem & Phloem A) Seedless Plants  2) Pterophytes (Ferns) o Seedless, have vascular tissue, have roots, o Need water to reproduce o Fronds: Long, highly divided leaves

A)Seed Plants  3) Gymnosperms (Naked Seed) o Most are conifers o Trees that produce seeds in cones (cedar, cypress, fir, pine, spruce)  4) Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) o Seeds develop within a fruit o 90% of all living plants o Fruit – ripened ovary that surrounds the seed o Ovary – female reproductive part of the flower that encloses the eggs

 Flower Structure o Reproductive organs of angiosperms o Adapted to enable insect pollination  Bright colors, nectar (sugary secretion) o Stamen – Male structure  Produces pollen grains (plant sperm)  Made of filaments topped by a pollen bundle called an anther o Pistil – Female structure  Ovary – lower portion where ovules (eggs) develop  Style – slender stalk that rises from an ovary  Stigma – swollen sticky tip on the end of the style where pollen lands  Produces seeds

2 classes of Angiosperms oA) Monocots: produce seeds with a single cotyledon (corn, grasses) oB) Dicots: produce seeds with two cotyledons (beans, most trees) oCotyledon  the embryo’s fleshy, leaf-like seed leaves that store food reserves

Pollination 1. Wind, insects or other animals transport pollen grains from stamen to pistil 2. Pollen grains cracks open 3. Pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to the ovule (egg)…sperm passes directly to the egg

Seeds Plant embryos surrounded by a protective coat Seed coat – hard cover, protects from drying out Seed advantages 1. Dispersal 2. Nourishment: have food stored inside 3. Dormancy: it may lie (inactive) until environmental conditions improve

Germination When seeds start to grow Water & oxygen must penetrate the seed coat