Chapter P Prerequisites: Fundamental Concepts of Algebra Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 P.2 Exponents and Scientific Notation

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Use the product rule. Use the quotient rule. Use the zero-exponent rule. Use the negative-exponent rule. Use the power rule. Find the power of a product. Find the power of a quotient. Simplify exponential expressions. Use scientific notation. Objectives:

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 The Product Rule When multiplying exponential expressions with the same base, add the exponents. Use this sum as the exponent of the common base.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Example: Using the Product Rule Multiply the expression using the product rule:

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 The Quotient Rule When dividing exponential expressions with the same nonzero base, subtract the exponent in the denominator from the exponent in the numerator. Use this difference as the exponent of the common base.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Example: Using the Quotient Rule Divide using the quotient rule:

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 The Zero-Exponent Rule If b is any real number other than 0,

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Example: Using the Zero-Exponent Rule Simplify:

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 The Negative Exponent Rule If b is any real number other than 0 and n is a natural number, then

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Example: Using the Negative-Exponent Rule Use the negative-exponent rule to write with a positive exponent. Answer: Use the negative-exponent rule to write with positive exponents only. Answer:

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 The Power Rule (Powers to Powers) When an exponential expression is raised to a power, multiply the exponents. Place the product of the exponents on the base and remove the parentheses.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Example: Using the Power Rule (Powers to Powers) Simplify the expression using the power rule:

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 The Products-to-Powers Rule for Exponents When a product is raised to a power, raise each factor to that power.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Example: Raising a Product to a Power Simplify:

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 The Quotients-to-Powers Rule for Exponents When a quotient is raised to a power, raise the numerator to that power and divide by the denominator to that power. If b is a nonzero real number, then

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Example: Raising Quotients to Powers Simplify:

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Simplifying Exponential Expressions An exponential expression is simplified when: No parentheses appear. No powers are raised to powers. Each base occurs only once. No negative or zero exponents appear.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Example: Simplifying Exponential Expressions Simplify:

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Scientific Notation A number is written in scientific notation when it is expressed in the form where the absolute value of a is greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10, and n is an integer.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Example: Converting from Decimal Notation to Scientific Notation Write in scientific notation: 5,210,000,000 Write in scientific notation: –