A Crash Course in English Grammar The Mrs. Denton Edition

The Eight Parts of Speech Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective Adverb Preposition Interjection Conjunction

The Noun It is a person, place, thing, or idea When it is proper, it is capitalized

The Pronoun They are words that take the place of a noun. The noun they replace is called the antecedent. –Jeremy brought his book to class. Pronouns must agree with the antecedent in number and gender. –For instance, you would not write: “I like Amber. He is a nice girl.”

Types of Pronouns Personal Reflexive Relative Interrogative Demonstrative Indefinite

The Personal Pronoun Refers to the one speaking (1 st person), the one spoken to (2 nd person), and the one spoken about (3 rd person) 1 st person pronouns– I, me, us, we, our, ours 2 nd person pronouns- you, your, yours 3 rd person pronouns- he, him, his, hers, it, its, they, them, theirs Example: I would like you to go with him.

Indefinite Pronoun It is indefinite in number and gender. You do not know who the antecedent specifically is. They can be adjectives. If they are acting as adjectives, you label them “adjective” instead of “pronoun.” Example: –Everyone can bring a treat to class tomorrow. –Will you bring each player a drink? (It is an adjective in this sentence)

Demonstrative Points out a person, a place, thing, or idea (noun) This, that, these, and those Can also be adjectives if placed before a noun. If they are adjectives, label them “adjective.” Example: –This is my favorite class. –I might bring this class a treat.

Reflexive Refers to the subject and directs the action of the verb back to the subject. They can be first, second, or third person. Examples: I want to treat myself to a facial. Juan likes to go by himself to the movies.

Relative Introduces a subordinate clause (what is a subordinate clause?) That, which, who, whom, whose Example: that starts at 10. –I would like to go to the movie that starts at 10. who writes in her pajamas. –I read the book by the author who writes in her pajamas.

Interrogative Asks a question Which? Whose? What? Whom? Who?

The Verb Action Helping Linking

The Helping Verb What they look like— –am, are, be, been, being, is, was, were –do, does, did –have, has, had –can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would What they do– –They help the main verb

Linking Verb They “link” the subject to something that either renames or describes it. They do not perform an action Sense words (taste, smell, hear, look, etc) can be either linking or action depending on what they are doing in the sentence. Example: –The turkey tastes good. In this sentence, “tastes” is a linking verb because it is not an action. The turkey is not tasting something.

Action Verb They show either physical (jump, run, skip) or mental (dream, imagine, think) action Example: I tasted the turkey.

Action Verbs Can Be... Transitive –Has a Direct Object –Example: I swam the marathon. Intransitive –Does not have a Direct Object –Example: I swam well.

The Core Parts of the Sentence Subject Simple Predicate Direct Object Indirect Object Predicate Adjective Predicate Nominative

What Is the Difference Between a Part of Speech and a Part of the Sentence ? A part of a sentence is a part of speech that performs a specific role in a sentence. For instance, a noun can perform the role of a subject, direct object, indirect object, or predicate nominative.

Subjects Location: At the beginning Function: What the sentence is about Part of Speech: Nouns or Pronouns

Are All Nouns Subjects? No!!!!! A noun can perform many functions in a sentence, not just the subject role.

Simple Predicate Location: Usually after the subject Function: What the subject is doing or it connects the subject to something that describes or renames it Types: Linking and Action Part of Speech: Verb

Practice 1.After the ballgame, Joe went to the party. 2.When you set the table, you need to be sure to include spoons. 3.Marsha likes to draw and paint.

Complements What are they? –A word that comes after the verb and completes either the meaning of the verb or the subject –Two types— Subject complements that follow a linking verb and complete the subject Object complements that follow an action verb and complete the verb

Object Complements Follow ACTION VERBS!!! Direct Objects– follow an action verb and answer “whom?” or “what?” Indirect Objects– come between an action verb and a direct object and answer “to whom?” “to what?” “for whom?” “for what?” Ex. I sent Mrs. Richey an .

Subject Complements Follow LINKING VERBS!! Predicate nominative– Follows a linking verb and RENAMES the subject –Ex. I am a teacher. Predicate adjective– Follows a linking verb and DESCRIBES the subject –Ex. I am exhausted.

Practice 1. Sir Author Conan Doyle certainly gave readers a wonderful gift when he created the character of Sherlock Holmes. 2. Holmes is a master of the science of deduction. 3. He observes seemingly insignificant clues. 4. The Hound of the Baskervilles is an excellent example of how Holmes solves a baffling mystery.

The Phrase What is it? –A group of related words –WITHOUT a subject and its verb –That acts as a part of speech

The Phrase Prepositional Verbal Appositive

Prepositional Phrases Role: Usually show location. They add spice and specificity to sentences. Parts of speech: adjective or adverb

Adjective Prepositional Phrases Which one? Or What Kind? Nouns or pronouns Close to what they modify Example: I want the book on the bookshelf.

Adverbial Prepositional Phrases When? Where? How? To what extent? Adjective, Adverbs, Verbs If it is at the beginning, it is adverb. They can be anywhere, however. Example: After the game, will you get me some ice cream?

The Verbal Phrase What is it? –A verb phrase that acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb –There are two types we have learned about: Infinitive Participial

The Participial Phrase What is it? –A verbal phrase that begins with a participle and acts like an adjective –Participles are either present (-ing) or past (-ed) tense verbs –Example: Running down the street, I tripped and fell.

Clues to help you find participial phrases Look for a verb that is not acting like the predicate, that is not in the main part of the sentence. Look for COMMAS!! Example: I looked at the geese flying overhead. Cracking her gum, Arleta entered the room.

The Infinitive Phrase A verb phrase that begins with “to” that acts like a noun, adjective, or adverb Clue: Look for the “to!” Tricky—”to” can also start a prepositional phrase. Example: To clean her room, Arleta had to open the blinds.

Practice!! Find the verbals and label them participial or infinitive 1.After school, I like to eat peanut butter sandwiches. 2.During school, we hear the announcements read by Coach Thames. 3.To be on time for school is an important skill. 4.Using a projector, we determined the degree of the angle. 5.The final bell, ringing at 3:05, marks the end of the school day.

The Clause What is it? –A group of related words –WITH a subject and its verb –That acts like a part of speech

Two Main Types of Clauses The Independent Clause –Subject, verb, complete thought –Also known as a sentence –Example: I ate sushi. The Subordinate Clause –Restrictive Clue word: that Example: I like that shirt you are wearing. –Nonrestrictive Clue word: which Example: The caterpillar, which will turn into a butterfly soon, curled into a ball upon the leaf.

The Appositive What is it? –A noun or noun phrase that follows another noun or noun phrase and renames it.

The Sentence Types— –Simple One independent clause Example: I like meat –Compound Two or more independent clauses combined with –, conjunction –;–; –; subordinating conjunction, Example: I like meat, but I will also eat ice cream. –Complex An independent clause that contains a subordinate clause Example: When I go to the store, I always buy cheese. –Compound-complex Two or more joined independent clauses, at least one of which has a subordinate clause. Example: When I go to the store, I always buy cheese, and I also try to get ground meat.