509 BCE- 476 CE

Geography of Rome Italian peninsula (boot-shaped) Mountains in north provide protection Fertile plains Dry climate Rome began as a small city located in the center of the Italian peninsula Central location for military & trade Etruscans (north) and Greek colonies (south)  influenced Romans

The Roman Republic Republic= a government in which citizens vote for their leader Patricians= landowning upper- class Plebeians= common farmers, merchants, and artisans Citizen- all adult male landowners All citizens could vote Romans killed Etruscan king in 509 BCE Set up a Republic

Consuls –2 were elected each year –controlled the government & military –could only serve once in a 10 year period –could veto each other Dictator- chosen by senate in a time of war to rule for 6 months Republican Government

Senate- issued laws, made up of 300 patricians and some plebeians Assemblies- made up of all citizens –made laws –elected consul and tribunes Tribunes- elected to represent the plebeians Praetors- 8 judges chosen for 1 year

Comparing Republican Governments

12 tables of Law Plebeians made efforts to gain power 450 BC- laws written on 12 Tables in the forum (marketplace) Established ideas that all free citizens had equal protection under the law Made it possible for plebeians to know the laws and appeal decision of a judge

Punic Wars All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the army By 270 BCE controlled all of the Italian Peninsula Punic war fought against Carthage (Northern Africa) BCE: Control of Sicily BCE: Hannibal, Carthagean general, invaded Italy from the north  Hannibal defeated when Romans defeated Carthage BCE: Romans destroyed Carthage

Conquered Territories 1.Allowed to keep local governments and customs 2.Had to pay taxes to Rome 3.Had to worship Roman gods 4.Had to supply soldiers to the Roman Army Rome treated conquered territories leniently

The Roman Empire

The Republic Collapses Economy –Gap between rich and poor widens as Roman Republic grows 1/4 jobless 1/3 slaves –Farmers and former soldiers lose their land and become jobless –Civil war- conflict between groups within the same country begins Military –Military becomes less disciplined and disloyal –Soldiers recruited from the poor; show loyalty only to their generals

The Republic Collapses Julius Caesar Takes Control –Julius Caesar (great military leader) is elected consul in 59 BCE –Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey form a triumvirate—a group of three leaders –Caesar becomes governor of Gaul (France) “Veni, Vidi, Vici”

The Republic Collapses –Military victories give Caesar increasing popularity and power –Pompey fears Caesar’s growing power and challenges him –Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt –Caesar is made dictator for life by the people in 44 BCE

The Republic Collapses Caesar’s Reforms: 1.granted wider citizenship 2.increased soldiers’ pay 3.building projects 4.created jobs for the poor Senators resented Caesar’s power and popularity  murdered him on March 15, 44 BC

Beginning of the Empire 43 BCE Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son) rules with general Marc Antony  become rivals Marc Antony joins forces with Cleopatra of Egypt  they are defeated and commit suicide Octavian becomes Rome’s 1 st emperor Octavian takes the title of Augustus, “exalted one”

Roman Empire A Sound Government Under Augustus, Rome moved from a republic to an empire Power no longer resided with citizens, but in a single ruler

Roman Empire Augustus created a lasting system of government Glorified Rome with beautiful public buildings Sets up a civil service system to administer the empire –paid government workers “Bread and Circuses”- provided food and entertainment to prevent the people of Rome from revolting

Pax ROmana Rome enjoys 200 years of peace and prosperity known as Pax Romana 3 million square miles million people Trade flourished Roman ways of life spread

Roman Empire Agriculture and Trade –Agriculture was the most important industry in the empire- 90% of Romans farmed –Common coin, denarius, made trade within empire easier –Rome has a vast trading network which included China and India –Network of Roman roads linked the empire- 53,000 miles of road

The Roman World Slaves Slavery was a significant part of Roman life in both cities and farms

The Roman World Society and Culture –Rich lived well –Most people were poor, receive grain from government –150 holidays –Coliseum events were created to control the masses

Roman Religion Statues and temples built throughout Rome Worship of emperor becomes part of official religion of Rome Festivals honored the deities Gods/goddesses resembled Greek and Etruscan deities

Art and Architecture Fresco- plaster and paint walls before the plaster dries, colors are permanent Mosaic- pictures made with small tiles Hellenistic style sculpture- realistic, showed emotion Bas Relief- sculpture raised off a flat surface Arch- distributes weight downward Aqueduct- transports water (used arches)

Rise of Christianity Judaism Romans controlled Jewish Palestine by 63BCE Romans allowed Jews to practice their own religion but treated them cruelly Jews divided: –Zealots- wanted to rid homeland of Romans –Others believed the Messiah (savior) was coming and would restore the kingdom of Jews

Rise of Christianity Christianity Jesus- Jew and Roman subject, born around 4BCE Teachings contained many Jewish ideas –Monotheism –10 Commandments

Rise of Christianity Emphasized personal relationship with god and promise of eternal kingdom after death (Heaven) for those who repent sins Put to death by Romans- challenged authority of Rome Followers believe he rose again after death

Spread of Christianity Paul travelled throughout the empire spreading the teachings of Jesus established churches sent letters (epistles) stressed that Christianity is open to all (Jews & gentiles) Peter 1 st Pope (bishop of Rome) Constantine 300CE Ended the persecution of Christians Unified Christian beliefs –Nicene Creed –New Testament (Christian Bible) Theodosius 380CE Made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire

Letters chi and rho (ΧΡ) of the Greek word "ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ" = KRistos = Christ ICHTHYS Christian Persecution