EUROPE – Cultures

Europe Ancient Greece and Rome (B.C.E. and first four centuries A.D.) Ancient Greece and Rome (B.C.E. and first four centuries A.D.) Ancient Greece and Rome Ancient Greece and Rome Dark Ages (4th-10th century) Dark Ages (4th-10th century) Dark Ages Dark Ages Middle Ages (10th-14th century) Middle Ages (10th-14th century) Middle Ages Middle Ages Renaissance (15th and 16th century) Renaissance (15th and 16th century) Renaissance Enlightenment (18th century) Enlightenment (18th century) Enlightenment Age of Conquests (15th-20th century) Age of Conquests (15th-20th century)

The glory that was Greece… Mythology Philosophy Democracy ©2012, TESCCC

Mythology Gods Gods –Such as:  Zeus  Hera  Poseidon  Athena Mortals Mortals –Heracles: son of Zeus and a mortal Monsters Monsters –Scylla and Charybdis  Origin of the phrase stuck between a rock and a hard place. Essentially it means having to choose between two evils.

Philosophy Socrates Socrates –Classical Greek philosopher –Teacher of Plato –Socratic Method: learning through inquiry –Socratic Paradox Plato Plato –Philosopher and mathematician –The Republic deals with class structure Aristotle Aristotle –Classification of living things –Social Contract

Athenian Democracy Developed around the 5 th century BCE. Developed around the 5 th century BCE. Direct democracy where citizens voted directly on legislation and bills. To vote, you had to be: Direct democracy where citizens voted directly on legislation and bills. To vote, you had to be: –An adult –Male –Your father’s father had to be a citizen. Athens was a city-state, meaning it was its own independent territory. Athens was a city-state, meaning it was its own independent territory. It was not the only democracy in Greece, just the most well documented. It was not the only democracy in Greece, just the most well documented.

…the grandeur that was Rome. Rome was more rigid than Greece. Rome was more rigid than Greece. –It was a vast empire.  “All roads lead to Rome”  Covered from Western Europe to parts of Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa. Roman Mythology was similar to Greek. Roman Mythology was similar to Greek. Was responsible for its own downfall. Was responsible for its own downfall. –Rome had over-expanded itself, leaving it open to invasion. –Constantine converted the Empire to Christianity and moved the capital to Constantinople. The West fell, but the East remained intact. The West fell, but the East remained intact. back to menu

The Dark Ages The Dark Ages refers to a period of cultural decline within Europe during the Middle Ages. The Dark Ages refers to a period of cultural decline within Europe during the Middle Ages. The Dark Ages seemed to have a decreased number of literature created than the remainder of the Middle Ages. The Dark Ages seemed to have a decreased number of literature created than the remainder of the Middle Ages. Attention to architecture in the Dark Ages was at a low point. Attention to architecture in the Dark Ages was at a low point. Technology development was rare in the Dark Ages. Technology development was rare in the Dark Ages.

The Middle Ages The Middle Ages began when the Roman Empire fell and ended with the Reformation. The Middle Ages began when the Roman Empire fell and ended with the Reformation. After the 8th century architecture flourished in the Middle Ages. After the 8th century architecture flourished in the Middle Ages. The rest of the Middle Ages gave many scientific advancements. The rest of the Middle Ages gave many scientific advancements. The Crusades were during this period. The Crusades were during this period.

The Renaissance Means “rebirth” Means “rebirth” A surge of interest in and return to classical Greek and Roman philosophies. A surge of interest in and return to classical Greek and Roman philosophies. Art was huge in this period. Art was huge in this period. –Dante’s Divine Comedy –Michelangelo’s The Creation of Adam –Raphael’s Stanza della Segnatura The Protestant Reformation was during this period of time. The Protestant Reformation was during this period of time. Back to menu

A Changing Europe Revolutions Revolutions –Enlightenment – political & economic revolutions –Industrial Capitalism – an economic system in which business leaders used profits to expand their countries  Under this system, new classes emerged –Social problems led to the birth of communism – society based on economic equality

AGRARIAN REVOLUTION Began in Europe in the 1750s Began in Europe in the 1750s Based on new agricultural innovations Based on new agricultural innovations Enabled increased food production Enabled increased food production Enabled sustained population increase Enabled sustained population increase ©2012, TESCCC

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Developed in the UK between Developed in the UK between Evolved from technical innovations that occurred in British industry Evolved from technical innovations that occurred in British industry Proved to be a major catalyst towards increased urbanization Proved to be a major catalyst towards increased urbanization

 Falling share of the world’s population  Fertility at an all-time low  Fewer young people  Smaller working age population  Immigration partially off-setting the decline EUROPE’S CHANGING POPULATION

URBAN TRADITION Urbanization – 73% of Europe is urbanized. Urbanization – 73% of Europe is urbanized. Related concepts Related concepts –Primate city- largest city that encompasses the cultural ideals –CBD- downtown (business and commerce) –Metropolis- terms used to describe central city and suburbs

20th Century Major Political Events World War I World War I World War I World War I World War II and Holocaust World War II and Holocaust World War II and Holocaust World War II and Holocaust Cold War (primarily USSR) Cold War (primarily USSR) Cold War Cold War The Fall of Communism The Fall of Communism The Fall of Communism The Fall of Communism

World War I 1914 – – 1918 caused by rivalries among European powers (for colonies and economic power) caused by rivalries among European powers (for colonies and economic power) Reparations – payment for damages Reparations – payment for damages Post WWI: Adolf Hitler unified Germany. Post WWI: Adolf Hitler unified Germany. –He was a great orator. –Essentially blamed the loss of the war on the Jewish people. –Under Hitler, Germany experienced an economic boom

World War II Due to unsolved problems from WWI and a worldwide depression, Mussolini and Hitler gained control of Italy and Germany. Due to unsolved problems from WWI and a worldwide depression, Mussolini and Hitler gained control of Italy and Germany. They expanded their countries’ control, which led to the war. They expanded their countries’ control, which led to the war. –When Hitler took over Austria, they rolled into town with their Panzer tanks and people came out into the streets, welcoming the Germans. –This was due to the success Hitler brought Germany. Holocaust – major horror of WWII – mass killing of over 6 million Jews Holocaust – major horror of WWII – mass killing of over 6 million Jews

Cold War The Cold War in Europe The Cold War in Europe Cold War – a power struggle between the communist world (led by Soviet Union) and the noncommunist world (led by U.S.) Cold War – a power struggle between the communist world (led by Soviet Union) and the noncommunist world (led by U.S.) A divided Germany became the “hot point” of the Cold War A divided Germany became the “hot point” of the Cold War

The Fall of Communism From 1950s-1980s, revolts against communist rule swept Eastern Europe From 1950s-1980s, revolts against communist rule swept Eastern Europe The infamous Berlin Wall came down in 1990 and the two parts of Germany reunited The infamous Berlin Wall came down in 1990 and the two parts of Germany reunited 3 years later, Czechoslovakia split into two separate countries 3 years later, Czechoslovakia split into two separate countries

Languages In Europe, there are about 50 different languages and more than 100 dialects, most of which belong to the Indo- European language family In Europe, there are about 50 different languages and more than 100 dialects, most of which belong to the Indo- European language family The Slavic languages of eastern Europe, the Germanic languages of northern Europe, and the Romance languages of southern Europe are Indo-European languages. The Slavic languages of eastern Europe, the Germanic languages of northern Europe, and the Romance languages of southern Europe are Indo-European languages.

Religions - Europe is predominantly Christian. - Most of southern/western Europe’s Christians are Roman Catholics, whereas most northern European Christians are Protestants. - In much of southeastern Europe, Eastern Orthodox Christians predominate. - Many Muslims also live in southeastern Europe (Turkish influence) and the Iberian Peninsula, and Jewish communities exist in all major European cities.

Modern Music The Beatles The Beatles –Labeled one of the most influential bands of all time. –They raised political and social awareness. Pink Floyd Pink Floyd –This influential band tackled the topics of war, alienation, oppression, disillusionment, absence, and exploitation all through their music. The Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones –Raised awareness of the effects of drug use